OBJECTIVES To establish the status of the deep veins in patients presenting with recurrent varicose veins and the effect on treatment decisions. DESIGN Retrospective clinical series. MATERIALS AND METHODS Duplex examination of 570 consecutive patients (843 limbs) presenting with recurrent varicose veins (CEAP C2-4). RESULTS Approximately one third of these patients (34.8%:294 limbs) had n...

The records of 305 consecutive patients who had presented with cosmetic symptoms related to varicose and/or spider veins over a 12-month period were studied. Following clinical assessment, 250 (82%) patients were referred for duplex venous imaging. A total of 500 lower limbs were evaluated; 236 (47%) were documented to have incompetence in the superficial venous system (long or short saphenous ...

Putative endothelial progenitor cells play a role in organ regeneration, and their incompetence may be important in the development of chronic kidney disease. The mechanisms of this incompetence are broad and range from poor mobilization, viability, and engraftment to impaired differentiation into mature endothelial cells. By contrasting the role of endothelial progenitor cells in tissue regene...

BACKGROUND Experimental results suggest that the competence of the internal jugular vein (IJV) valve may be damaged when the IJV is cannulated for insertion of a central venous catheter. It has further been hypothesized that the risk of causing incompetence of the proximally located valve might be reduced by using a more distal site for venous cannulation. The present study evaluated these hypo...

The adaptation process of a species to a new environment is a significant area of study in biology. As part of natural selection, adaptation is a mutation process which improves survival skills and reproductive functions of species. Here, we investigate this process by combining the idea of incompetence with evolutionary game theory. In the sense of evolution, incompetence and training can be i...