Abstract This paper presents a robust approach using artificial neural networks in the form of a Self Organizing Map (SOM) as a semi-automatic method for analysis and identification of morphometric features in two completely different environments, the Man and Biosphere Reserve “Eastern Carpathians” (Central Europe) in a complex mountainous humid area and Yardangs in Lut Desert, Iran, a hyper...

Currently, Geo-data-mining and knowledge discovering, new kernel of GIS spatial analysis study, which help breaking theoretic limitation of Geo-expert system and revealing an innovative research roadmap for new era Geo-information sciences, represent latest researching trend of GIS. Various research communities have tried to applying or revising mathematic tools as probability theory, spatial s...

Today, new trends are emerging in the world political arena, which will open up means of influencing regions. Iraqi Kurdistan, especially Middle East, is attracting attention domestic and foreign forces with its surface underground resources. Kurdish control region's most oil-rich regions helping to shape regional tensions as a tool for policy forces. This requires countries region pursue deep ...

Proper scoring rules can be used to incentivize a forecaster to truthfully report her private beliefs about the probabilities of future events and to evaluate the relative accuracy of forecasters. While standard scoring rules can score forecasts only once the associated events have been resolved, many applications would benefit from instant access to proper scores. In forecast aggregation, for ...

The south Caucasus and Central Asia will be of growing geopolitical significance to the West and NATO over the next 10–15 years because of their potential contribution to global energy supplies and energy security and the risk that conflict and instability could spread beyond the region, invite foreign military intervention, provoke a resurgence of Russian neo-imperialism, redefine the territor...