The quantum spin Hall (QSH) phase is a time reversal invariant electronic state with a bulk electronic band gap that supports the transport of charge and spin in gapless edge states. We show that this phase is associated with a novel Z2 topological invariant, which distinguishes it from an ordinary insulator. The Z2 classification, which is defined for time reversal invariant Hamiltonians, is a...

In addition to a bulk energy gap, topological insulators accommodate a conducting, linearly dispersed Dirac surface state. This state is predicted to become massive if time reversal symmetry is broken, and to become insulating if the Fermi energy is positioned inside both the surface and bulk gaps. We introduced magnetic dopants into the three-dimensional topological insulator dibismuth trisele...

We classify Hermitian tight-binding models describing noninteracting electrons on a one-dimensional periodic lattice with two energy bands. To do this, we write generalized Rice-Mele model orbitals per unit cell, including all possible complex-valued long-range hoppings consistent Hermicity. then apply different forms of time-reversal, charge-conjugation and chiral symmetry in order to constrai...

In a two-component regulatory system, an important means of signal transduction in microorganisms, a sensor kinase phosphorylates a response regulator protein on an aspartyl residue, resulting in activation. The active site of the response regulator is highly charged (containing a lysine, the phosphorylatable aspartate, two additional aspartates involved in metal binding, and an Mg(2+) ion), an...

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of the neuromodulator N-acetyl-aspartylglutamate to N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate. GCP II also hydrolyzes gamma-glutamyl bonds in folylpolyglutamate. The predicted amino acid sequence of GCP II displays similarities to aminopeptidases from Streptomyces griseus and Vibrio proteolyticus, whose crystal structures have...

In this paper, we propose a generalization of the S-duality of four-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED 4 ) to QED 4 with fractionally charged excitations, the fractional S-duality. Such QED 4 can be obtained by gauging the U(1) symmetry of a topologically ordered state with fractional charges. When time-reversal symmetry is imposed, the axion angle (θ) can take a nontrivial but still time...

The effect of magnetic topology on ion and impurity flows in a tokamak is considered by investigating the consequences of (i) the reversal of toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields and currents, (ii) a switch from lower to upper X-point operation, (iii) poloidal magnetic field or plasma current reversal, and (iv) toroidal magnetic field reversal. The general symmetries associated with magnetic t...

We have performed first-order reversal-curve measurements of the temperature-driven metal-insulator transition in VO2 thin films, which enable quantitative analysis of the hysteresis behavior. An unexpected tail-like feature in the contour plot of the reversal-curve distribution indicates the existence of metallic domains, even at temperatures below the closing of the hysteresis. These domains ...

Abstract We report on the electrodynamics of MnBi 2 Te 4 thin films, an intrinsic magnetic topological material. study its optical conductivity from terahertz (THz) to ultraviolet (UV) frequencies as a function film thickness, highlighting presence surface states superimposed bulk response. For thinnest film, where charge transport is dominated by Dirac states, we investigate effect phase trans...

Breaking time-reversal symmetry is a prerequisite for accessing certain interesting many-body states such as fractional quantum Hall states. For polaritons, charge neutrality prevents magnetic fields from providing a direct symmetry-breaking mechanism and, similar to the situation in ultracold atomic gases, an effective magnetic field has to be synthesized. We show that in the circuit-QED archi...