The Cost of Caring for Young Children This study examines the “cost burden” of child care, defined as day care expenses divided by after-tax income. Data are from the wave 10 core and child care topical modules to the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation. We estimate that the average child under six years of age lives in a family that spends 4.9 percent of after-tax income on day car...

Elementary education in Germany includes all institutions which cater for children until they begin school. Its position is ambivalent: On the one hand, it is part of the educational system (elementary level), on the other hand it is part of the welfare system as it is provided by nonpublic and public youth welfare services. Therefore one can also speak of child care institutions, which, howeve...

BACKGROUND Nearly two million California children regularly spend time in child care. Surprisingly little is known about the nutrition environments of these settings. The aim of this study was to compare foods and beverages served to 2- to 5-year-olds by type of child care and participation in the federally funded Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). METHODS A statewide survey of child ...

Elevated afternoon levels of cortisol have been found repeatedly in children during child care. However, it is unclear whether these elevations have any consequences. Because physiologic stress systems and the immune system are functionally linked, we examined the relationship between salivary cortisol concentration and antibody secretion across the day at home and in child care, and their rela...

OBJECTIVES We assessed child care facilities' proximity to heavily traveled roadways in an attempt to estimate the extent of potential exposure of young children to vehicle-related pollution in this understudied microenvironment. METHODS We examined approximately 24,000 licensed child care facilities in California located within 200 m of heavily traveled roadways. RESULTS Approximately 5700...

BACKGROUND Occupational demands of educators are not very well researched. Nevertheless their work is subject to several requirements. Whether these demands have an effect on the work ability and the health status of employees has also not been examined. Furthermore it is unclear if the ownership type of day care centres have an influence on job satisfaction and work ability of the pedagogical ...