introduction: the hepatitis b is a viral infection that causes a big problem globally. about 2 billion people worldwide are infected and there are now about 400 million hbv-dna carriers around the world. hbv infection is the ninth cause of death worldwide and infects about 350 million new cases each year in the world. hbv-dna can be spotted in different body secretions and fluids, including ser...

abstract background: investigators were suspicious of tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (ymdd) mutations occurred only in patients who were treated by lamivudine. however, ymdd mutations of hepatitis b virus gene (hbv dna) in patients with chronic hepatitis b (chb) untreated with antiviral medicines was reported in some studies. the aim of this study was to evaluate ymdd mutations in iran...

BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus infection usually causes an acute and self-resolving hepatitis. In areas where chronic hepatitis B virus infection is prevalent, acute hepatitis E virus superinfection on chronic hepatitis B virus infection occurs sporadically. In recent years, however, chronic hepatitis E virus infection has been recognized in patients under immunosuppressant therapy. To the best o...

hepatitis delta virus (hdv) infection results in more severe and even fulminant form of hepatitis b in co-infected cases. this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of anti-hdv positivity and the associated risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis b virus infection in zahedan (iran). in this cross-sectional study a total of 440 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis b virus ...

Introduction: Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through percutaneous (i.e., puncture through the skin) or mucosal (i.e., direct contact with mucous membranes) exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. HBV can cause chronic infection, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Persons with chronic infection a...

Hepatitis a general term which refers to inflammation of the liver. It may result from various causes, both infectious ( viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic) noninfectious (alcohol, drugs, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases). The hepatitis B X protein (HBx) plays role in epigenetic regulation HBV replication. Real-time PCR has catalysed wider acceptance because it is more rapid, sensit...

Background and Aims: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) can infect human population either as a superinfection or concurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It is expected that presence of HDV infection is more prevalent in endemic HBV areas. Overall 5% of Iranian general populations are chronic HBV carriers. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HDV and its clinical impact in ...

understanding of the natural history of chronic hbv infection is useful for presenting the optimal management of chronic hbv infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the natural history of chronic hepatitis b infection.in this cross sectional study, 219 untreated chronic hepatitis b patients from jan. 2010 to aug. 2012 were included. the subjects were classified in four groups based on ...