It has been widely believed that the tropical Pacific trade winds weakened in the last century and would further decrease under a warmer climate in the 21st century. Recent high-quality observations, however, suggest that the tropical Pacific winds have actually strengthened in the past two decades. Precise causes of the recent Pacific climate shift are uncertain. Here we explore how the enhanc...

Recent research has used enstrophy-based diagnostics to identify the development and dissipation stages of blocking events. These previous studies made use of reanalysis data sets in the calculations of the enstrophy-based diagnostics, such as the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis (2.5× 2.5) of geopotential height and horizontal winds. However, none of these studies has explored the use of the enstrophy-bas...

lifestyle, shaped by the culture and customs of the people living in a city, and the settlement pattern resulted from that, is one of the foundations of native housing. careful analysis of lifestyle helps developing new housing design principles which are compatible to changes in living conditions and styles. city of khorramshahr, because of the deconstruction caused by war and the reconstructi...

The mechanisms of the atmospheric response to climate forcing are analyzed using an example of uniform SSTwarming in an idealized aquaplanet model. A 200-member ensemble of experiments is conductedwith an instantaneous uniform SSTwarming. The zonal mean circulation changes display a rapid poleward shift in the midlatitude eddy-driven westerlies and the edge of the Hadley cell circulation and a ...

Diapycnal mixing affects the uptake of heat and carbon by the ocean as well as plays an important role in global ocean circulations and climate. In the thermocline, winds provide an important energy source for furnishing diapycnal mixing primarily through the generation of near-inertial internal waves. However, this contribution is largely missing in the current generation of climate models. In...

The fidelity of climate reconstructions employing covariance-based calibration techniques is tested with varying levels of sparseness of available data during intervals of relatively constant (stationary) and increasing (nonstationary) forcing. These tests employ a regularized expectation-maximization algorithm using surface temperature data from both the instrumental record and coupled ocean–a...

Environmental effects on human migration constitute an important area in the study of the relationship between population and the environment. In the past decade, there has been growing attention to the populations displaced by floods, storm surges, droughts, and other environmental hazards which will be exacerbated by climate change. Increased concerns about the impacts of global climate and e...

introduction land use change and climate change are the major concerns in the global environment. many environmental parameters affect the behavior of the earth’s climate system and its terrestrial components. effects of land use and land cover changes have direct influences on climate changes. now, climate change is known widely as a global health problem that has adverse impacts on natural an...

Introduction The study of tree rings is one of the most widely used methods of climate reconstruction for centuries and millennia, but the occurrence of climatic anomalies such as global warming in recent decades has caused divergence problem in the series of tree rings in some areas. Which challenges the ability of this proxy to regenerate the climate. The “divergence problem” is the differen...