This chapter explores the development of a new type of scientific tool – manmade closed ecological systems. These systems have had a number of applications within the past 50 years. They are unique tools for investigating fundamental processes and interactions of ecosystems. They also hold the potentiality for creating life support systems for space exploration and habitation outside of Earth’s...

batch culture of ralstonia eutropha using the recycled gas closed circuit culture system was conducted in order to develop a practical fermentation system for industrial autotrophic culture for poly (hydroxybutrate) production. the gas phase of the culture system consisted of substrate gas so that gases in this culture could be recycled as long as the amount of the gas consumed would be repleni...

This paper considers solving optimization problem for linear discrete time systems such that closed-loop discrete-time system is positive (i.e., all of its state variables have non-negative values) and also finite-time stable. For this purpose, by considering a quadratic cost function, an optimal controller is designed such that in addition to minimizing the cost function, the positivity proper...

closed-end furrows are commonly used to irrigate crop in northern part of china. the irrigation performance of furrow in this area is often low. the objectives of this paper are to verify reliability of infiltration parameters and manning roughness estimated with sipar_id software and present an optimized method for design of closed-end furrow system. the study consisted of field experiments an...

the main purpose of this paper is to introduce and study new classes of soft closed sets like soft regular generalized b-closed sets in soft topological spaces (brie y soft rgb-closed set) moreover, soft rg-closed, soft gpr-closed, soft gb-closed, soft gsp-closed, soft g-closed, soft gb-closed, and soft sgb-closed sets in soft topological spaces are introduced in this paper and we investigat...

Low, minimal flow and closed circuit anesthesia has been pursued since the beginning of the history of anesthesia. For many decades this form of anesthesia has been restricted to devoted enthusiasts and those very fond of gas kinetics. For most clinicians, selecting a fresh flow gas higher than 3-5 L/min was widely accepted as a routine anesthesia technique. The introduction onto the market of ...

In this paper, a model for closed loop solar system is presented and an attempt is made to generalize the model to be utilized for primary design of any solar active thermal system. This model may be used for systems in which gas or a liquid are fluids that flow. Two new parameters, namely, the system heat delivery factor and the system heat absorption factor are introduced in the model. These ...