In Escherichia coli (E. coli), a low-usage codon is defined as a codon that is used rarely or infrequently in the genome with usage frequency lower than the smallest value (or frequency cut-off) among the usage frequencies of non-degenerate codons (Met codon AUG and Trp codon UGG) and the optimal codons for amino acids Leu, Ile, Val, Ser, Pro, Thr, Ala, Arg, Gly and Gln that have 2 or more dege...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndromes are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with high penetrance. There are three subtypes, namely, MEN2A (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A), MEN2B (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B), and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. The variations in the RET gene play an important role in the MEN2 syndromes. In this work, we have develope...

In Drosophila melanogaster, synonymous codons corresponding to the most abundant cognate tRNAs are used more frequently, especially in highly expressed genes. Increased use of such "optimal" codons is considered an adaptation for translational efficiency. Need it always be the case that selection should favor the use of a translationally optimal codon? Here, we investigate one possible confound...

The Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDNV), isolated from crickets, has been endemic in Europe for at least 35 years. Severe epizootics have also been observed in American commercial rearings since 2009 and 2010. The AdDNV genome was cloned and sequenced for this study. The transcription map showed that splicing occurred in both the nonstructural (NS) and capsid protein (VP) multicistronic RNAs. ...

The soil bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 can colonize root and seed surfaces of many plants, protecting them from infection by plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. The capacity to suppress disease is attributed to Pf-5's production of a large spectrum of antibiotics, which is controlled by complex regulatory circuits operating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In thi...

Figure 1 Spider plot for the yeast gene YBL008w (HIR1); position 1 the walker visits every first nucleotide of codons and moves a unit up if the nucleotide is G, down if it is C, right if it is A and left if it is T; position 2 the walker visits every second nucleotide of codons, and proceeds the same way; position 3 the walker visits every third nucleotide of codons, and proceeds the same way ...

background: the present study was formulated in order to determine pol­ymorphism of dihydropteroate synthetase gene (dhps) of plasmodium vivax (p . vivax ) in hormozgan province, southern iran and mutations at codons 382, 383, 512, 553, and 585 associated with resistance of p. vivax to sulfadoxine. method : one-hundred eighteen isolates of p. vivax were prepared within 2007-2008 to determine di...