Information-processing biases based on cognitive and cognitive behavioral models have been reported in social anxiety disorder (SAD). One such bias is the attention bias, or selectively attending to threat stimuli. This bias has been associated in anxiety with maintenance and worsening of SAD symptoms. The objective of the present study was to examine, compare, and clarify differences in attent...

BACKGROUND High impulsivity and attentional bias are common in cocaine-dependent patients and predict poor treatment outcomes. The pharmacological agent modafinil is studied for its cognitive-enhancing capacities and may therefore improve clinical outcomes in crack-cocaine dependent patients. In this study, we investigated first whether pre-treatment impulsivity and attentional bias predict tre...

In 7 different studies, the authors observed that a large number of thinking biases are uncorrelated with cognitive ability. These thinking biases include some of the most classic and well-studied biases in the heuristics and biases literature, including the conjunction effect, framing effects, anchoring effects, outcome bias, base-rate neglect, "less is more" effects, affect biases, omission b...

Provided further evidence for the validity of the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire (Krantz & Hammen, 1979) as a measure of depressive cognitions. Forty depressed students completed the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire as well as general measures of depression and measures of depressed mood. In addition, independent raters counted frequency of negative and positive self-statements generated during a tap...

This study investigates whether or not the scale bias found in contingent valuation (CVM) studies on mortality risk reductions is a result of cognitive constraints among respondents. Scale bias refers to insensitivity and non near-proportionality of the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) to the size of the risk reduction. Two hundred Swedish students participated in an experiment where their...

Moreton [10] argued for a distinction between analytic bias and channel bias in language learning. Analytic bias is defined as a set of cognitive predispositions for certain types of generalizations that constrains the learner but does not influence perception and production. Channel bias is defined as ‘phonetically systematic errors in transmission between speaker and hearer’. Recent studies [...

Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) are the most prevalent substance use disorders among adolescents in treatment. Yet, little is known about the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying adolescent CUDs. Studies in adult cannabis users suggest a significant role for cognitive control and cannabis-oriented motivational processes, such as attentional bias, approach bias, and craving in CUDs. The curren...

Objectives: New cognitive theories of delusions have proposed that deficit or bias in inference stage (a stage of normal belief formation) is significant in delusion formation. The aim of this study was predicting the severity of delusions based on jumping-to-conclusion bias in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The sample consisted of 60 deluded patients with schizophrenia w...

INTRODUCTION Research demonstrates that cognitive biases toward drug-related stimuli are correlated with substance use. This study aimed to investigate differences in cognitive biases (i.e., approach bias, attentional bias, and memory associations) between smoking and non-smoking adolescents in the US and the Netherlands. Within the group of smokers, we examined the relative predictive value of...