How do speakers cope with a competing talker? This study investigated the possibility that speakers are able to retime their contributions to take advantages of temporal fluctuations in the background, reducing any adverse effects for an interlocutor. Speech was produced in quiet, competing talker, modulated noise and stationary backgrounds, with and without a communicative task. An analysis of...

This article investigates the problem of how language learners decipher what words mean. In many recent models of language evolution, agents are provided with innate meanings a priori and explicitly transfer them to each other as part of the communication process. By contrast, I investigate how successful communication systems can emerge without innate or transferable meanings, and show that th...

The term ‘investor relations’ (IR) often refers only to the very formal and primarily anonymous relations and communication between publicly traded companies and their (potential) shareholders. Especially for young and not yet publicly traded companies (socalled start-ups), it can be shown that the individual contact to a very small and well-known group of investors (e.g., venture capital inves...

from applied linguistic point of view, the fundamental question facing the language teachers, methodologists and course designers is which procedure is more effective in fl/sl: learning to use or using to learn? definitely, in order to be a competent language user, knowledge of language system is necessary, but it is not sufficient to be a successful language user. that is why there was a gradu...

We trace the difference between the ways in which apes and humans co-operate to differences in communicative abilities, claiming that the pressure for futuredirected co-operation was a major force behind the evolution of language. Competitive co-operation concerns goals that are present in the environment and have stable values. It relies on either signalling or joint attention. Future-directed...

In this paper a model for the evolution of society based on the principles of communicative links formation is suggested and modified. One of the main principles of links formation suggested is closely related to altruism, the other to selfishness. The numerical study of the model and its modifications has revealed that the selfish strategy is more robust. Although the altruistic society, under...

objectives: this descriptive study was conducted to determine the communicative abstract problem between elders with alzheimer disease and there caregivers. methods & materials: 100 main caregivers were selected by census. data was obtained by a questionnaire with a good validity and reliability. its reliability was measured by internal consistency (de=0.96) and test-retest (d=0.96) methods. da...

This study explores the potential of utilising certain prosodic qualities of function-specific vocal expressions in order to design effective non-speech user interface sounds. In an empirical setting, utterances with four context-situated communicative functions were produced by 20 participants. Time series of fundamental frequency (F0) and intensity were extracted from the utterances and analy...

The present research aims to investigate the distinction between simple and complex communicative acts in the context of extralinguistic communication. We propose that, within the same pragmatic phenomena studied which are standard communicative acts, deceit and irony a simple communicative act is easier to comprehend than a complex one. Our proposal is based on the different complexity of infe...