Climate conditions tend to differ along an altitudinal gradient, resulting in some species groups' patterns of lower species richness with increasing altitude. While this pattern is well understood for tropical mountains, studies investigating possible determinants of variation in beta-diversity at its different altitudes are scarce. We sampled bee and wasp communities (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) a...

An adjoint formulation for the gradient-based optimization of oil–gas compositional reservoir simulation problems is presented. The method is implemented within an automatic differentiation-based compositional flow simulator (Stanford’s Automatic Differentiation-based General Purpose Research Simulator, AD-GPRS). The development of adjoint procedures for general compositional problems is much m...

Classical stochastic gradient methods are well suited for minimizing expected-valued objective functions. However, they do not apply to the minimization of a nonlinear function involving expected values, i.e., problems of the form minx f ( Ew[gw(x)] ) . In this paper, we propose a class of stochastic compositional gradient descent (SCGD) algorithms that can be viewed as stochastic versions of q...

Modularity is a key concern in programming. However, programming languages remain limited terms of modularity and extensibility. Small canonical problems, such as the Expression Problem (EP), illustrate some basic issues: dilemma between choosing one kind extensibility over another most languages. Other how to express dependencies modular way, add up issues significant challenge. This article p...

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2113253 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202113253 In the originally published article, a co-author's name (K.G.L) was spelled incorrectly. The correct spelling is Kyoung G. Lee. authors apologize for any inconvenience this error may have caused.

Functionally graded materials (FGM) present enormous potential to combine with distinct mechanical and thermal properties in a component via compositional gradient throughout the body. In work, step Al2O3/NbC composites were assessed order obtain FGM high hardness good fracture toughness. Step uniaxially pressed cylinders consolidated by Spark plasma sintering (SPS) into fully dense (>99% TD) c...

Introduction: Previously, 186Re and 188Re radioisotopes have been produced through appropriate activities, and each of them has been used for therapeutic applications. The 186Re and 188Re have unique properties, which make them proper for the treatment of  tumors in different sizes. The long-range 188Re, is suitabl...

Tropical volcanoes are an important but understudied ecosystem, and the relationships between plant species diversity and compositional change and elevation may differ from mountains created by uplift, because of their younger and more homogeneous soils. We sampled vegetation over an altitudinal gradient on Mt. Rinjani, Lombok, Indonesia. We modeled alpha- (plot) and beta- (among plot) diversit...