a major constraint to the application of any form of knowledge and principles is the awareness, understanding and acceptance of the knowledge and principles. systems thinking (st) is a way of understanding and thinking about the nature of  health systems and how to make and implement decisions within health systems to maximize desired and minimize undesired effects. a major constraint to applyi...

introduction: for many years, ontologies have been available in many different forms, for example: classification schema, thesauruses, authorized vocabularies, terminologies and dictionaries. terminology and knowledge resources are essential components of interoperability among disparate systems. so, this paper considered the ontology of umls (which was prepared by national library medicine of ...

the aim of this qualitative research is to identify the outcomes of vigor. since 2000, in un’s view, such variables as vigor, life expectancy, gratification and satisfaction are computed as key variables in determining nations’ development level which shows the importance of studying vigor. the methodology is an exploratory study in terms of purpose and it is a qualitative survey in terms of da...

This collection of essays by forty-four authors from diverse disciplines explores the meanings attached to the concepts of health and disease and the consequences of each. The editors, Caplan, Engelhardt, and McCartney, provide general and chapter introductions which emphasize the importance of viewing the varying perspectives as a foundation for the approaches of biomedical research and health...

Complex nature of health and disease, the impact of various socioeconomic factors on the health system arrangements and health of the society, and also the impact of health on the social and economic conditions of the society require a social approach to health. This necessity has led to the creation of new policies and programs, under the name of socialization of health, to strengthen the soci...