One of the most important issues in all stages of mining study is capital cost estimation. Determination of capital expenditure is a challenging issue for mine designers. In recent decade, quite a few number of studies have focused on proposing estimation models to predict mining capital cost. However, these efforts have not achieved to a predictor model with reliable range of error. Both of ov...

Building production process have a complex nature due to the characteristics of project type productions, i.e., number of participants, organizational patterns, multi-phased production etc. One of the basic project-based problems that architects encounter through the design process is to keep the construction cost under the limit given by the client of the project and to enlighten the client ab...

To what extent do people anchor thoughts about social relationships in terms of space and time? Three studies used drawing and estimation tasks to further explore the conceptual structure of “social” distance. In the three studies, participants read short narratives, drew what they imagined happening during the narrative, then estimated both time and distance. In general, results suggest that t...

ost estimation for an engineering project traditionally involves development of an “engineer’s estimate” of the project cost to which contingency is added to develop the “total project cost.” Contingency is used to reflect the fact that regardless of the diligence and competence of the estimator, there is uncertainty in the final cost of the project. Material costs change over time, markups and...

The paper gives an overview of the state o f the art o f software cost estimation (SCE). The main questions to be answered in the paper are: (I) What are the reasons for overruns o f budgets and planned durations? (2) What are the prerequisites for estimating? (3) How can software development effort be estimated? (4) What can software project management expect from SCE models, how accurate are ...

the purpose of this study is designing a model to determine important factors on export performance (ep) in the base of cost leadership strategy for non_ metal mineral industry of iran. in this paper, available approaches in the scope of determinants of ep are identified consist of contingency view, relational and resource based view. in this study, we examine relationship between resources, co...

One of the most important and valuable goal of software development life cycle is software cost estimation or SCE. During the recent years, SCE has attracted the attention of researchers due to huge amount of software project requests. There have been proposed so many models using heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms to do machine learning process for SCE. COCOMO81 is one of the most popular...

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Many estimation models have been proposed over the last 30 years. This paper provides a general overview of software cost estimation methods including the recent advances in the field. As a number of these models rely on a software size estimate as input, we first provide an overview of commo...

introduction air pollution is one of the critical challenges in metropolitans around the world. according to world health organization (who), three millions people die from air pollution annually. in some studies mortality costs by air pollution was estimated. social cost of air pollution was estimated 28990 billions rials in tehran city. the mortality cost by air pollution was estimated about ...