MRAP1 but not MRAP2, is essential for melanocortin receptor 2 functional expression. Human MRAP1 splice variant (hMRAPα) and human MRAP2 (hMRAP2) also interact with the other melanocortin receptor subtypes in vitro, although the physiological significance of these interactions is unknown. Previously we showed that HA-hMC4R co-expression with hMRAPα, but not hMRAP2, specifically alters HA-hMC4R ...

Due to the large coupling between their electrical and mechanical properties, ferroelectric ceramics are increasingly being implemented in novel devices. This review reports on recent advances in the development of predictive constitutive models for the coupled and non-linear electromechanical behavior of ferroelectrics. Such constitutive models are required to analyze the performance of ferroe...

This article compares causal and constitutive explanation. While scientific inquiry usually addresses both causal and constitutive questions, making the distinction is crucial for a detailed understanding of scientific questions and their interrelations. These explanations have different kinds of explananda and they track different sorts of dependencies. Constitutive explanations do not address...

The 24 components of the relativistic spin tensor consist of 3 + 3 basic spin fields and 9 + 9 constitutive fields. Empirically only 3 basic spin fields and 9 constitutive fields are known. This empirem can be expressed by two spin axioms, one of them identifying 3 spin fields, and the other one 9 constitutive fields to each other. This identification by the spin axioms is material-independent ...

A COMMON APPROACH used in formulating elastoplastic constitutive equations is to partition the total strain rate into its elastic and plastic parts, and then develop the constitutive expression for the plastic strain rate using the concept of the yield surFace in stress space. An alternative approach is to partition the stress rate into its elastic and plastic parts, and then develop the consti...

A structure-based virtual screening of over 400,000 small molecules against the constitutive proteasome activity followed by in vitro assays led to the discovery of a family of proteasome inhibitors with a sulfonyl piperazine scaffold. Some members of this family of small non-peptidic inhibitors were found to act selectively on the β2 trypsin-like catalytic site with a preference for the immuno...

the popular belief among scientists regarding human essence is that human being is a rational animal. to them, rationality means having the theoretical intellect, i.e. the potential to think and to conceive universal concepts. therefore, according to the popular viewpoint, man is a rational animal who is able to think. the aim of this article is to prove that the belief in god and having the re...

The present study concerns compressive and flexural constitutive models incorporated into an isoparametric beam finite element scheme for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and concrete composites, using their multi-axial constitutive behavior. The constitutive behavior of concrete was treated in triaxial stress states as an orthotropic hypoelasticity-based formulation to determine the confinement ...