urban facilities are necessary components of cities. in all grown and developed cities of the world there are tremendous network of facilities such as water and electric ties, water sewage drainage, water piping and gas piping. that has not been installed in proper depth underground and locations and with growing of the cities and consumption of population. they need to be replaced by excavatin...

We consider the energy release associated with first-order transition by Gibbs construction. Universal formulae for the energy release from one homogeneous phase to the other is given. We find the energy release per converted particle varies with number density. As an example, the deconfinement phase transition at supranuclear densities is discussed in detail. The mean energy release per conver...

We consider the energy release associated with first-order transition by Gibbs construction. Universal formulae for the energy release from one homogeneous phase to the other is given. We find the energy release per a converted particle varies with number density. As an example, the deconfinement phase transition at supranuclear densities is discussed in detail. The mean energy release per a co...

A competitive neural network model and a genetic algorithm are used to improve the initialization and construction phase of a parallel insertion heuristic for the vehicle routing problem with time windows. The neural network identifies seed customers that are suitably distributed over the entire geographic area during the initialization phase, and the genetic algorithm finds good parameter sett...

Suppose one COTS (Commercial Off the Shelf) software supplier provides an interpreter for a problem oriented language, another provides an application generator for producing numerical solvers for a class of partial differential equations, and a third produces a visualization package. A team of domain specialists writes scripts in the problem oriented language to define cases to be solved, uses...

The purpose of this study is to examine different scenarios for implementing operations in the pre-construction phase of a project, based on several competing criteria with different importance levels in order to achieve a more efficient execution plan. This paper presents a new framework that integrates discrete event simulation (DES) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to rank different scena...

Construction waste is considered as a major contributor of solid wastes in municipal landfills. Construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) waste generated by the Canadian construction industry accounts for 27% of total municipal solid waste disposed in landfills. However, many researchers stated that 75% of what the construction industry generates as waste has a residual value and therefore...

Buildings are major contributors of carbon emissions and related global warming. Emissions occur along all building stages, from a whole-life perspective, including material production, construction processes, operations, maintenance end-of-life processes. Upfront include processes before operations. They can be influenced immediately will have positive effect today. However, mitigation potenti...

GRASP is a multi-start metaheuristic for combinatorial optimization problems, in which each iteration consists basically of two phases: construction and local search. The construction phase builds a feasible solution, whose neighborhood is investigated until a local minimum is found during the local search phase. The best overall solution is kept as the result. In this chapter, we first describ...

Carbon emissions calculation at the sub-provincial level has issues in limited data and non-unified measurements. This paper calculated the life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions of the building industry in Wuhan, China. The findings showed that the proportion of carbon emissions in the construction operation phase was the largest, followed by the carbon emissions of the indirect en...