The name ‘Frege’s principle’ is well known: it is discussed, obeyed or rejected in philosophy, linguistics, logic and computer science (see e.g. [33] and[45]). Surprisingly, two completely different principles which are denoted by that name. In most fields it refers to ‘the principle of compositionality of meaning’: The meaning of a compound expression is a function of the meaning of its parts ...

Two entangled particles in threedimensional Hilbert space (per particle) are considered in an EPR-type arrangement. On each side the Kochen-Specker observables {J 1 , J 2 2 , J 2 3 } and {J̄ 2 1 , J̄ 2 2 , J 2 3 } with [J 2 1 , J̄ 2 1 ] 6= 0 are measured. The outcomes of measurements of J 3 (via J 2 1 , J 2 2 ) and J 2 3 (via J̄ 1 , J̄ 2 2 ) are compared. Although formally J 2 3 is associated with t...

To further our understanding of creating and sustaining firm competitive advantage, we need to recognize two types of contextuality within firms’ activity systems. First, the benefit of activity configurations can be contextual—while some activity configurations are generically beneficial, others gain their value only as part of particular strategies. Second, interactions among activities can b...

Many seemingly paradoxical effects are known in the predictions for outcomes of measurements made on preand post-selected quantum systems. A class of such effects, which we call “logical preand post-selection paradoxes”, bear a striking resemblance to proofs of the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem, which suggests that they demonstrate the contextuality of quantum mechanics. Despite the apparent simi...

Quantum theory has the intriguing feature that is inconsistent with noncontextual hidden variable models, for which the outcome of a measurement does not depend on which other compatible measurements are being performed concurrently. While various proofs of such contextual behavior of quantum systems have been established, relatively little is known concerning the possibility to demonstrate thi...

A system is something that can be separated from its surrounds, but this definition leaves much scope for refinement. Starting with the notion of measurement, we explore increasingly contextual system behaviour and identify three major forms of contextuality that might be exhibited by a system: (1) between components; (2) between system and experimental method; and (3) between a system and its ...

The Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem establishes the impossibility of a noncontextual hidden variable model of quantum theory, or equivalently, that quantum theory is contextual. In this paper, an operational definition of contextuality is introduced which generalizes the standard notion in three ways: (1) it applies to arbitrary operational theories rather than just quantum theory, (2) it applies t...

The Kochen-Specker theorem shows the incompatibility of noncontextual hidden variable theories with quantum mechanics. Quantum contextuality is a more general concept than quantum non-locality which is quite well tested in experiments using Bell inequalities. Within neutron interferometry we performed an experimental test of the Kochen-Specker theorem with an inequality, which identifies quantu...