Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) save Americans billions of dollars each year by lowering both the prices that consumers pay for prescription drugs and the prices that health plans pay for drug coverage. As I explain in this Article, however, new regulatory developments in some states threaten to undercut competition in the PBM industry and disrupt the cost-savings PBMs currently generate. The ...

* Financial support provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in the project “Intertemporal Price Formation in the Grocery-retailing Sector: Theory and Empirical Tests” (He 1419/8-1) is gratefully acknowledged. This project made it possible to use the scanner dataset on which the empirical analysis is based. Thanks are due to seminar participants in the Institute of Agricultural Policy and Ma...

We explore the implications of a subtle “default” choice that firms make in their regular reporting practices, namely that firms typically repeat what they most recently reported. Using the complete history of regular quarterly and annual filings by U.S. corporations from 1995-2014, we show that when firms make an active change in their reporting practices, this conveys an important signal abou...

We study a model for a market which has a tree form structure. Each branch of the tree is composed of identical firms. The branch of the first level is formed by the firms producing raw material, and the branches of the last level are the retail outlets. The branching points (tree nodes) are micromarkets for firms forming branches connected with a given node. The prices and the production rate ...

this paper empirically investigates the exchange rate effects of iranian rial against dollar (rial vs.us) on stock prices in iran. the sample period for the study has been taken from march 20, 2004 to march 20, 2010 using daily nominal exchange rate of rial /us and daily closing values of tehran stock exchange. generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (garch) model has been use...

in accordance with the iranian government intention toward two step forward elimination of energy subsidies policy in coming years, we focus in this study on the extent by which the corresponding raising costs will be distributed across the livestock sector and how they affected food security. for this purpose, scenario of increasing energy prices and improving productivity at vertical and hori...

evaluation of agricultural policies is an important issue in agricultural economics literature. economists evaluate policies on base of their welfare effects. the objective of this study is outcome subsidies removing for wheat and bread and its effect on producers and consumers. the minimization of changes in welfare loss is used in this study. the results of the welfare outcomes in wheat marke...

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Due to its significant advantages, natural gas, which forms an increasing share of world energy resources, has become one the important resources worldwide. When gas prices are analyzed around world, it is seen that price formulas depend on petroleum products. Natural in proportion increase There a simultaneous change same direction between oil and exchange rates. also determined depending subs...