We give some simple examples of applying the well-known elementary probability theory inequalities and properties in field logical argumentation. A probabilistic version hypothetical syllogism inference rule is as follows: if propositions A, B, C, A→B, B→C have probabilities a, b, c, r, s, respectively, then for p A→C, we f(a,b,c,r,s)≤p≤g(a,b,c,r,s), functions f g given parameters. In this pape...

Adopting a different method from the previous scholars, this article deduces remaining 23 valid syllogisms just taking syllogism AEE-4 as basic axiom. The idea of study is follows: firstly, make full use trichotomy structure categorical propositions to formalize syllogisms. Then, advantage deductive rules in classical propositional logic and facts generalized quantifier theory, we deduce by one...

Internal syntactic operations on diagrams play a key role in accounting for efficacy of diagram use in reasoning. However, it is often held that in the case of complex deductive reasoning, diagrams can serve merely as an auxiliary source of information in interpreting sentences or constructing models. Based on experiments comparing subjects’ performances in syllogism solving where logic diagram...

the phenomenon of conversion to islam in the territories conquered by the muslim arabs, is one of the ambiguous and controversial topics in the studies of islamic history. major part of the social transformation of copts in islamic egypt returns to their conversion from christianity to islam. gradual changing of the majority to a minority group under muslim rule was a complex process, because m...

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common infection worldwide. In the eastern part of Iran, fluctuations in tuberculosis prevalence are seen due to the migration of people from Afghanistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time of bacteriologic sputum conversion after treatment and affecting factors in those whose smear does not become negative.This study was carried out on 85 smear-positive ...

sixteen multiparous lactating buffaloes after 8 weeks of calving and weighing 500 to 600 kg were used in a complete switch-back design with four groups. buffaloes in the first group were fed the control ration (r1) consisted of dm basis of 60% concentrate feed mixture (cfm)+20% rice straw (rs)+20% berseem hay (bh), while in the other groups the rations consisted of dm basis of 40% cfm+20% rs+40...

in a voice conversion system speech signal of a speaker (i.e. source speaker) is modified so that it sounds as if it had been pronounced by b speaker (i.e. target speaker). this process, sometimes, is called speaker conversion (changing speaker identity). achieved signal from speaker conversion system is desired to have high quality and very natural. to satisfy this, three major methods are pro...

Abstract This paper provides a case study for the use of syllogistic reconstructions in commentaries on Plato by fifth-century commentator Proclus. The discusses Proclus’ reconstruction argument about range Forms Plato’s Parmenides (130b–e). In his commentary this dialogue, Proclus reports proposed some predecessors. reconstruction, as whole is interpreted straightforward attack existence Forms...

We consider an algorithmic approach for revising inconsistent data and restoring its consistency. This approach detects the \spoiled" part of the data (i.e., the set of assertions that cause inconsistency), deletes it from the knowledge-base, and then draws classical conclusions from the \recovered" information. The essence of this approach is its coherence with the original (possibly inconsist...