as the chief communication channel between eastern and western civilizations, the  silk road has played the significant role in the history of northeastern iran. the  silk road has provided a communicative way for commercial exchanges in one hand, and was in used by invader nomads in order to plunder of northeastern iran during many decades in other hand. the contacts have led to interaction be...

Silk fibroin exists in a number of different states, such as silk I and silk II, with different properties largely defined by differences in secondary structure composition. Numerous attempts have been made to control the transitions from silk I to silk II in vitro to produce high-performance materials. Of all the factors influencing the structural compositions, pH and some metal ions play impo...

Aquatic caddisflies diverged from a silk-spinning ancestor shared with terrestrial moths and butterflies. Caddisfly larva spin adhesive silk underwater to construct protective shelters with adventitiously gathered materials. A repeating (SX)(n) motif conserved in the H-fibroin of several caddisfly species is densely phosphorylated. In total, more than half of the serines in caddisfly silk may b...

Molecular and material properties of major ampullate silk were studied for the cobweb-building black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus. Material properties were measured by stretching the silk to breaking. The strength was 1.0 +/- 0.2 GPa, and the extensibility was 34 +/- 8%. The secondary structure of the major ampullate silk protein was studied using carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Alanine underg...

Silk-based scaffolds have been introduced to bone tissue regeneration for years, however, their local therapeutic efficiency in bone metabolic disease condition has been seldom reported. According to our previous report, mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)/silk scaffolds exhibits superior in vitro bioactivity and in vivo osteogenic properties compared to non-mesoporous bioactive glass (BG)/silk sc...

Objectives: Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is one part of the corn plant that contains useful chemical compounds, including flavonoid compounds. The ability compounds to capture free radicals cause liver damage. purpose this study was determine hepatoprotective effect ethanol extract on male white rats induced by paracetamol and varying doses as a hepatoprotector.
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Spider silk possesses a unique combination of high tensile strength and elasticity resulting in extraordinarily tough fibers, compared with the best synthetic materials. However, the potential application of spider silk and biomimetic fibers depends upon retention of their high performance under a variety of conditions. Here, we report on changes in the mechanical properties of dragline and cap...

The overall development of silkworm larvae depends on getting the required food which can be easily digested and assimilated in the body tissues properly for the silk synthesis. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to increase the growth of young silkworm Bombyx mori. This is ensured through supplementation of food additives, intern biochemical constituents of worm. The results of the...

Several research teams have recently highlighted how silk can be used as an optical material. Through a regeneration process, it is possible to obtain silk films made from fibers of silk cocoons, by casting a silk fibron solution on an appropriate surface. These transparent films have been used tomake optical devices such as diffraction gratings, phase masks, and photonic crystal lattices.1 Our...

Modern spiders spin high-performance silk fibers with a broad range of biological functions, including locomotion, prey capture and protection of developing offspring. Spiders accomplish these tasks by spinning several distinct fiber types that have diverse mechanical properties. Such specialization of fiber types has occurred through the evolution of different silk-producing glands, which func...