This paper proposes a tempo feature extraction method. The tempo information is modeled by the narrow-band, low-pass temporal modulation component, which is decomposed into a modulation spectrum via joint frequency analysis. In implementation, the modulation spectrum is directly estimated from the modified discrete cosine transform coefficients, which are output of partial MP3 (MPEG 1 Layer 3) ...

Timing models are essential to a variety of music related applications. In the field of performance research they facilitate the analysis of music interpretations. For performance synthesis they are essential for creating expressive performances. This paper details our approach to modelling musical tempo. An important issue is the description and implementation of continuous tempo transitions. ...

In musical performances with expressive tempo modulation, the tempo variation can be modelled as a sequence of tempo arcs. Previous authors have used this idea to estimate series of piecewise arc segments from data. In this paper we describe a probabilistic model for a time-series process of this nature, and use this to perform inference of singleand multi-level arc processes from data. We desc...

In the absence of a music score, tempo can only be defined in terms of its perception. Thus recent studies have focused on the estimation of perceptual tempo such as defined by listening experiments. So far, algorithms have been proposed to estimate the tempo when people agree on it. In this paper, we study the case when people disagree on the perception of tempo and propose an algorithm to pre...

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that conventionally used to convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity while producing heat as a byproduct. High temperature fuel such molten carbonate and solid oxide produce significant amounts can be for internal reforming natural gas mixtures which rich in hydrogen, also electricity. This opens up possibility using high systems designed flex...

Timing plays an important role in the performance and appreciation of almost all types of music. It has been studied extensively in music perception and music performance research (see Palmer 1997 for a review). The most important outcome of this research is that a large part of the timing patterns found in music performance—commonly referred to as expressive timing—can be explained in terms of...

Tempo estimation aims at estimating the pace of a musical piece measured in beats per minute. This paper presents a new tempo estimation method that utilizes coherent energy changes across multiple frequency sub-bands to identify the onsets. A new measure, called the sub-band synchrony, is proposed to detect and quantify the coherent amplitude changes across multiple sub-bands. Given a musical ...

Spontaneous motor tempo and rhythmical synchronisation were studied in 21⁄2to 4-year-old children. Children were tested in three sessions, each of which included three consecutive tasks: first, spontaneous manual tapping tempo, second, synchronisation to external tempo, followed by spontaneous manual tapping tempo again. Results showed that regular spontaneous manual tapping tempo could be obse...

In this paper, we introduce two experiments with three groups. The first experiment the subjects are asked to place a given stimuli in a category based on pitch (first group), tempo (second group), or just listen to the stimulus (third group). Then, in the second experiment, subjects are asked to do the same categorization but now based on both dimensions (all groups). It turns out that both th...