Single-particle structure recovery without crystals or radiation damage is a revolutionary possibility offered by X-ray free-electron lasers, but it involves formidable experimental and data-analytical challenges. Many of these difficulties were encountered during the development of cryogenic electron microscopy of biological systems. Electron microscopy of biological entities has now reached a...

This experiment investigated effects of environmental enrichment and beak-trimming during the rearing period on behavior in rearing and plumage damage later in life. Treatments were applied in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Half of the birds were beak-trimmed at 1 d of age using an infra-red laser. A follow-up light-trim was performed at 11 wk of age with a hot blade. Environmental enrichment c...

Merging of data from multiple crystals has proven to be useful for determination of the anomalously scattering atomic substructure for crystals with weak anomalous scatterers (e.g. S and P) and/or poor diffraction. Strategies for merging data from many samples, which require assessment of sample isomorphism, rely on metrics of variability in unit-cell parameters, anomalous signal correlation an...

We report on the experimental results of 300 nm features generated on fused silica using a near-infrared (IR) femtosecond laser pulse initiated by an ultraviolet (UV) pulse. With both pulses at a short (~60 fs) delay, the damage threshold of the UV pulse is only 10% of its normal value. Considerable reduction of UV damage threshold is observed when two pulses are at ± 1.3 ps delay. The damage f...

The detrimental consequences of radiation are referred to as radiation damage. To understand the effects of radiation, one must first be familiar with the radiations and their interaction mechanisms. Further, the fundamental characteristics of the material(s) being irradiated must also be understood. A brief summary of the characteristics of radiation is first presented below. This is followed ...

I ought perhaps to add one further observation about the litigation of such claims. In a recent case the claim was brought against the surgeon and the sister who had been responsible for the counting of the swabs. I suppose that this was done on the basis that the combined duties of the two of them together covered the whole field of activity, within which any negligence connected with the non-...

Macromolecular conformation dynamics, which span a wide range of time scales, are fundamental to the understanding of properties and functions of their structures. Here, we report direct imaging of structural dynamics of helical macromolecules over the time scales of conformational dynamics (ns to subsecond) by means of four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy in the single-pulse and strobosco...

A substantial recent literature has documented the inability of jurors to make sound decisions with respect to punitive damages, particularly for health, safety, and environmental torts. Included in this literature are experimental studies documenting the better performance of judges than jurors for the same case scenarios. Recent research by Eisenberg et al. (2002) has suggested, however, that...

One of the most important developments in radiobiology in recent years has been a change in the concept of the ability of the nervous system to withstand the effects of ionizing radiation. Until recently it had been generally believed that the tissue of the nervous system was especially resistant to radiation and that any kind of damage to it could occur only at extremely high radiation doses. ...