Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we recently characterized a microglial phenotype that is induced by chronic stress, fractalkine receptor deficiency, aging, or Alzheimer disease pathology. These 'dark' microglia appear overly active compared with the normal microglia, reaching for synaptic clefts, and extensively engulfing pre-synaptic axon terminals and post-synaptic dendritic spin...

I selectively review the theoretical properties and observational limits pertaining to dark atoms, as well composite matter candidates bound by a confining gauge interaction: glueballs, glueballinos, mesons baryons. Emphasis is given cosmological, direct indirect detection constraints. Lectures at Les Houches Summer School 2021: Dark Matter.

SOME time ago an instrument was described in this Journal intended for testing dark-adaptation in -normal and sub-normal patients. However, when it was tried to investigate gross disturbances (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa), the need was felt for a wider range of readings. When re-designing the apparatus provisions were also made to change the colour of the test-light if desired in order to make t...

This short review examines recent progress in understanding dark matter, dark energy, and galactic halos using theory that departs minimally from standard particle physics and cosmology. Strict conformal symmetry (local Weyl scaling covariance), postulated for all elementary massless fields, retains standard fermion and gauge boson theory but modifies Einstein–Hilbert general relativity and the...

More than sixty years ago Zwicky made the case that the great clusters of galaxies are held together by the gravitational force of unseen (dark) matter. Today, the case is stronger and more precise: Dark, nonbaryonic matter accounts for 30%±7% of the critical mass density, with baryons (most of which are dark) contributing only 4.5% ± 0.5% of the critical density. The large-scale structure that...

We propose that dark energy in the form of a scalar field could effectively couple to dark matter inhomogeneities. Through this coupling energy could be transferred to/from the scalar field, which could possibly enter an accelerated regime. Though phenomenological, this scenario is interesting as it provides a natural trigger for the onset of the acceleration of the universe, since dark energy ...

In (T. Ma and S. Wang. Gravitational field equations and theory of dark matter and dark energy, Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, Ser. A, 34(2): 335–366, 2014; arXiv:1206.5078v2), a new set of gravitational field equations are derived based only on 1) the Einstein principle of general relativity, and 2) the principle of interaction dynamics, due to the the presence of dark energy and d...

Particle colliders are the primary experimental instruments of high-energy physics. By creating conditions that have not occurred naturally since the Big Bang, collider experiments aim to probe the most fundamental properties of matter and the universe. These costly experiments generate very large amounts of noisy data, creating important challenges and opportunities for machine learning. In th...