We develop a general framework for weighted parsing which is built on top of grammar-based language models and employs multioperator monoids (M-monoids) as weight algebras. It generalizes previous work in that area, e.g., semiring deductive parsing, also covers applications outside the classical scope algebraic dynamic programming. More specifically, we introduce RTG-based (where RTG stands reg...

Abstract Task-based language teaching is considered an effective way to achieve a harmony between grammar and communication. The present study investigates two different ways of teaching modal verbs: task-based versus traditional approaches. To this purpose, an Oxford Placement Test was administered to select 40 homogeneous participants out of a larger population who took this test. The selecte...