BACKGROUND Public disclosure of scientific data used by the government to make regulatory decisions for chemicals is a practical step that can enhance public confidence in the scientific basis of such decisions. OBJECTIVES We reviewed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) current practices regarding disclosure of data underlying regulatory and policy decisions involving chemicals, ...

-Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor both molecular interactions and concentrations of volatile organic chemicals adsorbed on a commercial montmorillonite. Chemicals tested included propanoic acid, hexanal, heptanal, trimethylamine, dimethylsulfide and dimethyldisulfide. Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy had several advantage...

Nature has provided us the assurance and inspiration for thousands of years in synthesizing value-added chemicals, with assistance reactive hydrogen species, water as ultimate source. However, natural photosynthesis is inefficient due to some intrinsic properties, urging people not only learn from but also surpass during nature imitation. In this review, we summarized recent progresses on speci...

Partition (K) and diffusion (D) coefficients are important to measure for the modelling of skin penetration of chemicals through the stratum corneum (SC). We compared the feasibility of three protocols for the testing of 50 chemicals in our main studies, using three cosmetics-relevant model chemicals with a wide range of logP values. Protocol 1: SC concentration-depth profile using tape-strippi...

BACKGROUND Economically viable biobased production of bulk chemicals and biofuels typically requires high product titers. During microbial bioconversion this often leads to product toxicity, and tolerance is therefore a critical element in the engineering of production strains. RESULTS Here, a systems biology approach was employed to understand the chemical stress response of Escherichia coli...

A testing strategy for the classification of self-heating substances for transport of dangerous goods is proposed. The strategy was developed based on the tests described and correlations used in the UN Recommendations. It was demonstrated that the value of activation energy of the exothermic reaction has a significant impact on the extrapolation of test results with regard to different contain...

In the previous chapter (Persoone and Gillett, Chapter 17, this volume) attention has been drawn to the large number of biological and physicochemical variables which determine the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The variety and the interrelationship of these factors present difficulties for the precise determination of the hazard which chemicals may pose for the natural environment an...

The transport of chemicals or heat in fractured reservoirs is strongly affected by the fracture-matrix interfacial area. In a vapor-dominated geothermal reservoir, this area can be estimated by inert gas tracer tests, where gas diffusion between the fracture and matrix causes the tracer breakthrough curve (BTC) to have a long tail determined by the interfacial area. For water-saturated conditio...