This paper’s field evidence is: (1) in reality a major exchange rate change devastates an economy, i.e. the widespread academic faith that exchange rate changes are either beneficial or harmless is a false faith that contributes to needless world-wide economic havoc; (2) the 1982-85 exchange rate liquidity crisis sent much of the third world into unmanageable debt levels and was so devastating ...

On April 2, 2020, extreme metal band Cattle Decapitation released a video for their song “Bring Back the Plague” (2019), whose lyrics invoke pandemic that wipes out humanity as means to counter anthropogenic devastation of Earth. This article expl

The devastating effect of plastic waste on the ecosystem due to rapid increase in population has been a concern. Although stakeholders and governments invested efforts mitigate waste, their exertions have limited no effects as demand for increases annually. Emerging practical advancements recycling critical achieving sustainable circular economy. This study reviews adverse environment inhabitin...

THIS IS THE SECOND ARTICLE IN a series entitled Medical and Public Health Management Following the Use of a Biological Weapon: Consensus Statements of the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. The working group has identified a limited number of widely known organisms that could cause disease and deaths in sufficient numbers to cripple a city or region. Smallpox is one of the most serious of th...

One of the most important rivers in central parts of Iran which has the major effects in the ecology of region is named “Zayanderood”. This river divides Isfahan city into north and south parts. “Sheikh Bahaee” (one of the most famous Iranian scientists) designed an intelligent water network (cannels derived from Zayanderood and passed through Isfahan city). The innovative and intelligent const...

ere is a story you probably haven't heard, about how a team of American researchers inadvertently introduced a virus into a third-world country they were stud:-ing. They were experts in their field, and they had the best intentions; they thought they were helping the people they were studying, but in fact they had never really seriously considered whether what they were doing might have ill eff...

The world has always been a dangerous place, and it remains so. There are different kinds of dangers, for there are different kinds of evils. Some of those evils are termed natural evils, some others, moral evils. Both of them are called evils for they cause death, sickness, devastation. Natural evil like death by old age is a common human lot. Other natural evils, like earthquakes or the pesti...

in this paper, integrated direct and reverse logistics considering production, distribution, customer, devastation, retrieval centers under uncertainty are developed. in this model, cost parameters are not certain, thus the scenario-based robust optimization method is applied. the aim of this model is to minimize the total cost and obtain a robust solution. finally, a practical case study is pr...