the order hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species, includes over 10% of species diversity in the world. these insects are one of the most important groups in economic and ecological terms. vespidae family plays an important role in biological control of some insect pests. this family includes six subfamilies and almost 4150 known species in the world( carpenter,1982 ). these insects...

Rapid establishment of closed canopy cover is a key goal in land reclamation. While re-establishment understory vegetation likely to positively contribute this goal, native herbaceous species are not typically planted on reclaimed sites though it an alternative reliance natural regeneration. The objective the present study was test principle hitchhiker production tree with recently industrial a...

The concept of planting trees in widely spaced rows and growing cash crops in the alleyways is a special form of agroforestry called alley cropping. To be successful, the companion crop’s physiological requirements (i.e., light, water and nutrients) must be accommodated by the tree. Black walnut’s (Juglans nigra L.) foliage and root system are unique and readily adapted to the growth of compani...

During their approximately annual nest relocations, Florida harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex badius) excavate large and architecturally-distinct subterranean nests. Aspects of this process were studied by planting a harvester ant colony in the field in a soil column composed of layers of 12 different colors of sand. Quantifying the colors of excavated sand dumped on the surface by the ants revealed...

The hotel lobby is the first area that a guest enters, so it important to make good impression. One way do this put some flower arrangement. Therefore, study aims identify characteristics of arrangements used as decorations in lobbies Ubud terms of: basic shape arrangement, placement type used, container/vase durability flower, and color flower. data were obtained through interviews with staff ...

Brightness induction refers to the finding that the apparent brightness of a stimulus changes when surrounded by a black versus a white stimulus. In the current study, we investigated the effects of black/white surrounding stimuli on settings made between red and green stimuli on three different tasks: heterochromatic brightness matching (HBM), heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP), and mini...

BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily affects cognition. A variety of visual disorders was established in AD. Fechner illusory colors are produced by a rotating disk with a black and white pattern. The purpose of our research was to explore the perception of illusory colors in AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS W recruited 40 AD patients (MMSE ≥14) and 40 normal controls (CG group) matched by age, ...

Mechanical site preparation (MSP) is a common practice that precedes the planting of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in Nordic forests. Mounding has become most used method recent years. This study examined effects different mounding treatments (spot and ditch mounding, inversion, unprepared control with or without herbicide application) mechanical vegetation (MVC) treatment done 3–4...

This paper describes a method for developing a transform between two device CMYK spaces in a way that preserves information about the black separation. An important application of such a transform exists in desktop color printers for proofing of electronic files prepared for offset printing. Our method uses a novel printer inversion approach based on constrained optimization. An error function ...