the characteristic Cushingoid appearance except in some patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome, whereas patients with only subtle hypersecretion of cortisol may exhibit less obvious physical changes. In addition, some features found in patients with CS such as obesity, hypertension, mood changes, and menstrual irregularities are also common in the general population. In such cases the presence...

In this paper we propose a new notion of Forward-Backward Martingale Problem (FBMP), and study its relationship with the weak solution to the backward stochastic differential equations. The FBMP extends the idea of the well-known (forward) martingale problem of Stroock and Varadhan, but it is structured specifically to fit the nature of a forward-backward stochastic differential equation (FBSDE...

A case is described in which a tension pneumothorax complicated staphylococcal pneumonia 11 months after its onset. The delayed and subacute/chronic nature of the tension pneumothorax is unusual. The case also highlights the difficult differential diagnosis between subpleural lung cysts and encysted pneumothorax.

We summarize the public health response after the identification of 2 cases of pneumonia caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in Colorado residents. The response to these cases emphasizes the need for physicians to add fungal infection to the list of differential diagnoses for patients who have refractory pneumonia, even those who live in areas of nonendemicity.

Differentiation of normal from abnormal findings is critical in echocardiography. Anatomic variants occurring in normal cardiac developments often simulate pathologic entities. This review focuses on the differential diagnosis of normal anatomic structures from pathologic ones in echocardiography.

A a medical student, we spend many hours of our clinical teaching asking questions during history taking and examining the patient. When we go to wards, we scan the cardex and nd out the new cases that we have. This is contrary to the ideal way suggested by our professors of going to a new patient and asking history. In the next minute what we do is, we go in, introduce ourselves and ask questi...

For regular strangeness-free linear differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) the definition of an adjoint DAE is straightforward. This definition can be formally extended to general linear DAEs. In this paper, we analyze the properties of the formal adjoints and their implications in solving linear-quadratic optimal control problems with DAE constraints.