Cell death plays an essential role in development, and the removal of cell corpses presents an important challenge for the developing organism. Macrophages are largely responsible for the clearance of cell corpses in Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian systems. We have examined the developmental requirement for macrophages in Drosophila and find that macrophage function is essential for centr...

?-glucan is considered as an effective immunostimulant because of its binding capacity to different receptors on leukocytes leading the stimulation immune responses including bactericidal activity, cytokine productivity, and survival fit ability at cellular levels. In response cell surface receptors, stimulates release cytokines chemokines. It has been found that these signaling proteins eventu...

The galectin CvGal1 from the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), which possesses four tandemly arrayed carbohydrate recognition domains, was previously shown to display stronger binding to galactosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine relative to d-galactose. CvGal1 expressed by phagocytic cells is "hijacked" by the parasite Perkinsus marinus to enter the host, where it proliferates and causes sy...

In the Drosophila larva, blood cells or hemocytes are formed in the lymph gland. The major blood cell type, called plasmatocyte, is small, non-adhesive and phagocytic. Plasmatocytes differentiate into adhesive lamellocytes to form multilayered capsules around foreign substances or, in mutant melanotic tumor strains, around self tissue. Mutations in cactus or Toll, or constitutive expression of ...

objective(s): the effects of curcuma longa (c. longa) and curcumin on total and differential wbc count and oxidant, antioxidant biomarkers, in rat model of asthma were evaluated. materials and methods: total and differential wbc count in the blood, no2, no3, mda, sod, cat and thiol levels in serum were examined in control, asthma, asthmatic rats treated with c. longa (0.75, 1.50, and 3.00 mg/ml...

Phenol is naturally found in some foods and animal wastes. It is also used as a disinfectant, insecticide and in some pharmaceutical products. Immunotoxicity is considered to be one of the harmful health effects of phenol. Propolis is a mixture of beeswax and resins; it has an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effect. This study investigates effect of propolis o...

Immune responses play a key role in the survival of all living things. Intake inorganic materials is critical importance organisms because their participation metabolism and some component cells. Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) selenium (Se) were selected for this study constituents cells, such as nucleic acids enzymes organisms, indirect direct effects on immunity. Although separate these are known,...

Arctium lappa L. polysaccharide (designated ALP) has been used as an immunomodulator in animals. Immunomodulation by ALP the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was detected after Aeromonas hydrophila treatment (1.0 × 107 colony-forming units) this study. significantly inhibited decrease total hemocyte count (THC) (P < 0.05). Twenty transcriptome libraries were constructed from hemocytes of ...