The surrogate process approximation (SPA) is applied to model the nonequilibrium dynamics of a reaction coordinate (RC) associated with the unfolding and refolding processes of a deca-alanine peptide at 300 K. The RC dynamics, which correspond to the evolution of the end-to-end distance of the polypeptide, are produced by steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations and approximated using overd...

Arguments about the spread of gender egalitarian values through the population highlight several sources of change. First, structural arguments point to increases in the proportion of women with high education, jobs with good pay, commitment to careers outside the family, and direct interests in gender equality. Second, value shift arguments contend that gender norms change with social and econ...

This article argues that the diffusion of concepts and theories from one culture or society to another requires the active engagement of a category of agents which I identify as ‘intellectual entrepreneurs’. Two historically contrasting cases of the transmission of ideas are examined in order to explain the processes whereby alien concepts are diffused across cultures. Foreign ideas and concept...

We study models of the formation of citation networks in a setting where authors/firms care about their citations and are rational. The effect of these two features on the diffusion of useful ideas in a setting with complete information about past citations leads to multiplicity of equilibria. With field-specific norms, however, uniqueness obtains. Asymmetric information about quality and strat...

This study investigates a relationship between free access to research articles and the diffusion of their ideas as measured by citation counts. By using a dataset from the Social Science Research Network (SSRN), an open repository of research articles, and employing a natural experiment that allows the effect of free access separate from other confounding factors, this study identifies the cau...

This article suggests a framework for moving toward a global history of voting and democracy that focuses less on the diffusion of European ideas (however important those ideas were) than on embedding the history of voting within a worldwide history of ideas on sovereignty. The article posits a general framework for such a history focusing on a ―conundrum of sovereignty‖ grounding legitimate ru...

The diffusion of innovative ideas throughout a social network of innovators depends crucially on how people are connected and influence each other, and particularly on the advocacy of influential individuals. We contend that existing conceptualizations of innovation diffusion and peer influence do not suffice to capture the multi-faceted nature of idea diffusion. To address this challenge, we a...

The diffusion of innovative ideas throughout a social network of innovators depends crucially on how people are connected and influence each other, and particularly on the advocacy of influential individuals. We contend that existing conceptualizations of innovation diffusion and peer influence do not suffice to capture the multi-faceted nature of idea diffusion. To address this challenge, we a...

the catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid in the liquid phase has been studied in an un-stirred tank reactor. low concentration of acetic acid was added in order to increase the solubility of the catalyst in toluene. the dependence of the rate of reaction on the concentration of toluene catalyst and oxygen pressure was studied. it has been suggested that liquid phase oxidation of tolue...