Atomic force microscopy (AFM), invented in 1986, expanded the application of scanning tunneling microscopy to nonconductive, soft, and live biological samples (Binnig et al., 1986; Hansma et al., 1988; Marti et al., 1988; Drake et al., 1989). AFM has several capabilities, including characterizing topographic details of surfaces from the submolecular level to the cellular level (Radmacher et al....

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Osteosarcoma is one of the most common malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents (Meyers et al., 1998; Bacci et al., 2000; Hauben et al., 2003; Chano et al., 2004; Marina et al., 2004; Benassi et al., 2007). The present therapeutic strategies in clinical applications have low efficiency under the current osteosarcoma therapy (Huang et al., 2012; Choeyprasert et al., 2013). Therefore, ne...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile molecules mediating a variety of cellular responses in plant cells, including programmed cell death (PCD), development, gravitropism, and hormonesignaling. A picture showing how ROS function in signal transduction networks has started to emerge as the result of recent studies providing genetic, cell biological, and physiological evidence describing ro...

The broad utility of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first recognized in 1951 from a series of experiments that observed a relationship between chemical structure and corresponding shifts in the NMR resonances. Since that time, NMR has evolved from continuous wave (CW) spectroscopy to Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy, from permanent magnets to super conducting magnets and from one dimen...

INTRODUCTION The vertebrate inner ear mediates hearing and balance through a complex arrangement of mechanosensory hair cells, nonsensory supporting cells and sensory neurons. All of these cell types derive from the otic placode, a transient ectodermal thickening adjacent to the developing hindbrain (Barald and Kelley, 2004; Fritzsch et al., 2006). Otic placode formation is a multistep process ...

4,013,510 A 3, 1977 Frommer et al. .......... 195/31 R 4,518,581 A 5/1985 Miyake et al. ................ 424/48 4.902,674. A * 2/1990 Speights ...................... 514, 23 5,141,858 A 8/1992 Paul et al. ..................... 435/97 5,332,667 A * 7/1994 Kado et al. ... ... 435,101 5,840,705 A 1 1/1998 Tsukada et al. ............... 514,43 6,645,515 B1 * 1 1/2003 Fukata et al. ............... 4...

A recent report from the US Center for Mental Health Services estimates that on average individuals with serious mental illness are dying 25 years prematurely, with major causes of death being chronic, tobacco-related diseases (Colton & Manderscheid, 2006). The mentally ill are at elevated risk for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer, compared to age-matched controls (Brown et al...