One of the most important methods to produce sponge iron is coal based reduction of iron ore. Direct reduction methods based on coal are being improved due to the abundance of coal sources and its lower cost in comparison with natural gas. Volatile materials in coal play an important role in the reduction of iron oxides. In this study, noncoking coal with high volatile materials from Iran and c...

In this study, the activity, stability and performance of carbon supported platinum (Pt/C) electrocatalyst in cathode and carbon supported Pt and ruthenium (PtRu/C) electrocatalyst in anode of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were studied. The Pt/C and PtRu/C electrocatalysts were prepared by impregnation reduction method. The β-D-glucose was used as protection agent to reduce the particle size...

Introduction. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in aluminum reduction cells (see Fig. 1) have been the subject of several studies, since the pioneering work of Urata et al. [1]. The interaction between the electrolysis current in the cell and the background magnetic field due to remote currents gives rise to a strong magnetic force acting on the fluids inside the cell. Different kinds of ...

The direct electrochemical reduction of hemin, protoporphyrin(IX) iron(III) chloride, ligated with strong or weak heterocyclic bases, was investigated in the ionic liquids (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) and 1-octyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim][PF6]), using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. Hemin complexed with N-methylimidazole (NMI)...

Frequency estimation of single-tone complex sinusoid is a fundamental problem in signal processing. An efficient way to estimate the frequency is to directly calculate the frequency from three discrete Fourier transform coefficients in the neighborhood of peak magnitude spectrum. Because of the approximation used in the calculation, these direct estimators exhibit non-uniform biases. In this pa...

Graphene has been studied for various applications due to its excellent properties. Graphene film fabrication from solutions of graphene oxide (GO) have attracted considerable attention because these procedures are suitable for mass production. GO, however, is an insulator, and therefore a reduction process is required to make the GO film conductive. These reduction procedures require chemical ...

The paper 1 addresses the problem of directly estimating the parameters of a reduced order digital controller using a closed loop type identification algorithm. The algorithm minimizes the closed loop plant input error between the nominal closed loop system and the closed loop system using the reduced order controller. It is assumed that a plant model (if necessary validated in closed loop with...