To evaluate the efficiency and effect of a new disinfection technology in wastewater treatment, batch and full-scale experiments were performed between winter 2005 and summer 2011. The system, developed by Kemira Oyj, produces a disinfection solution containing performic acid (PFA) by mixing hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. A preliminary study in batch reactors established the suitability for...

Electrolyzed products of sodium chloride solution were examined for their disinfection potential against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. Electrolysis of 0.05% NaCl in tap water was carried out for 45 min at room temperature using a 3 A electric current in separate wells installed with positive and negative electrodes. The electrolyzed products were obtai...

When drinking water treatment plants disinfect water, a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern are formed. Recent studies have identified emerging DBPs (e.g. iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs) and acids, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes (HNMs), haloacetaldehydes, nitrosamines) that may be more toxic than some of the regulated ones (e.g. chlorine- and br...

In recent years and decades increasingly more emphasis has been placed on alcohol-based solutions for hygienic and surgical hand disinfection. Traditional handwashing with soap and water has been largely replaced in the everyday clinical setting, as has the use of disinfectant soap-based solutions for surgical hand disinfection. It has been possible in recent years to reduce the exposure time f...

Salmonella sp. continues to be one of the most important foodborne pathogens. Control measures in terms of cleaning and disinfection on food production plants are very important for limiting the risk of contaminated food products to reach the consumer. In the last decade concern has arisen that bacteria exposed to disinfectants can develop resistance toward disinfectants and can have a higher r...

Swimming pool water treatment in general includes flocculation, sand filtration and subsequent disinfection. Chlorite, chlorate and bromate are disinfection by-products of swimming pool water treated by chlorine species or ozone. They are responsible for adverse effects on human health and their analyses in swimming pool water are necessary. The simply and fast suppressed ion chromatography sim...

This study analysed the spatial and temporal occurrence of 29 disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed by chlorination chloramination.

Hand hygiene is the most important measure to protect against the spread of nosocomial infections. With the development of in vitro und in vivo test methods for evaluation of the effect of hand hygiene, there has been a sharp increase over the past 50 years in the body of knowledge relating to effective methods for removal from the hands or killing and inactivation of pathogens. In 1958 the Ger...

BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies that have assessed the relation between water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the risk of stillbirth provide inconsistent results. The objective was to assess the relation between exposure to water disinfection by-products and the risk of stillbirth. METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study of 3,289 cases of stillbirth and a random ...

BACKGROUND Recent findings suggest that exposure to disinfection by-products may increase the risk of birth defects. Previous studies have focused mainly on birth defects in general or groups of defects. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of water disinfection by-products on the risk of most common specific birth defects. METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-...