BACKGROUND Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was reported to cause rapid depletion of chicken bursa of Fabricius. Severe pathological condition of the organ is commonly associated with high levels of virus replication, intense inflammatory response and also the degree of apoptosis. In this study, the responses of chicken bursa of Fabricius infected with two different strains of velogenic N...

We describe a patient who sustained an extra-articular, oblique and angulated first metatarsal fracture. The medial hallucal sesamoid bone was subsequently found to have entered the fracture gap preventing reduction. We describe treatment of this rare injury with a successful outcome.

Irreducible rotary subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) of the thumb is a rare entity. Open reduction is indicated when signs of irreducibility are seen on the radiographs. We present one such case caused by displacement of the sesamoid bone into the intercondylar notch of the first metacarpal bone. A 35-year-old woman sustained a twisting injury to her right thumb by pronating a...

The three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee (femorotibial, femorofibular, and femoropatellar) joint has scarcely been studied, and could elucidate certain mechanobiological properties of sesamoid bones. The adult ostrich is unique in that it has double patellae, while another similar ratite bird, the emu, has none. Understanding why these patellae form and what purpose ...

Our ability to induce the general from the specific is a hallmark of human cognition. Inductive reasoning tasks ask participants to determine how strongly a set of premises (e.g., Collies have sesamoid bones) imply a conclusion (Dogs have sesamoid bones). Here, we present evidence for an abductive theory of inductive reasoning, according to which inductive strength is determined by treating the...

The interrelationships among five measures of physiologic maturity for 50 French-Canadian girls are evaluated--menarche, peak height velocity (PHV), 75% skeletal maturity, appearance of the ulnar sesamoid, and 90% dental development. The mean ages of occurrence of the events differed significantly (P less than 0.01). Menarche and 90% dental maturity showed the least variability. Ages of PHV, me...