rivers are important water resources for human life, but sometimes cause irreparable damages. the flood plains are fertile terrains which are endangered by flood. flood hazard mapping is one of the basic methods in flood fighting. in order to decline flood damages, the simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the rivers during flood occurrence is very important. in this study, areas that are flo...

In car orientated nations, most commuters living close to work typically do not commute by bicycle. Empirical scholarship seeking delineate the various barriers cycling-to-work present a set of somewhat inconsistent findings. This study seeks demystify this lack clarity introducing concept “cycling dissonance”—the mismatch between cycling potential and reality—and place an empirical focus on no...

Current optimal escape theory focuses on economic distance-based models that predict that animals will flee at greater distances when risk of capture is greater. Although these models have been tested extensively on vertebrate prey animals using large approaching stimuli (e.g., humans), it has never been tested on an invertebrate generalist predator with a stimulus that is in the size range of ...

Predation is the main cause of mortality during early life stages. The ability to avoid and evade potential threats is, therefore, favoured to evolve during the early stages of life. It is also during these early stages that the process of familiarization occurs. It has long been recognized that associating with familiar individuals confers antipredator benefits. Yet gaps in our knowledge remai...

Synthesizing terrain or adding detail to terrains manually is a long and tedious process. With procedural synthesis methods this process is faster but more difficult to control. This paper presents a new technique of terrain synthesis that uses an existing terrain to synthesize new terrain. To do this we use multi-resolution analysis to extract the high-resolution details from existing models a...

A new DEM called Hybrid Mesh DEM (HM-DEM) with a hybrid mesh is put forth to improve the DEM’s capacity of representation of different kinds of micro-terrains and complex landscapes. The conceptual model of HM-DEM and its data structure, namely Hybrid Mesh Data Structures (HMDS) are also put forth and discussed in details. The HMDS is encapsulated into an object called HmDem which is comprised ...

Introduction: A large body of evidence points to oxidative stress as prime candidate mediating the behavioral impairments and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been demonstrated that hyperoxia preconditioning activates complex endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms including an increase in capacity of antioxidant defence mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the ...

We show that weak periodic driving can exponentially strongly change the rate of escape from a potential well of a system driven by telegraph noise. The analysis refers to an overdamped system, where escape requires that the noise amplitude θ exceed a critical value θ(c). For θ close to θ(c), the exponent of the escape rate displays a nonanalytic dependence on the amplitude of an additional low...

An animal must assess an approaching heterospecific to determine whether it is prey or predator. Because prey tend to be smaller than their predators, foraging responses decrease and escape responses are predicted to increase over a range of approacher size. Sufficiently, small approachers may be readily identified as prey and large ones as predators. However, more time and closer approach may ...

Terrains are often modeled by triangulations. One of the criteria that a triangulation should have is “nice shape” triangles. Delaunay triangulation is a good way to formalize nice shape. Another criterion is reality of drainage in terrains. Natural terrains do not have many local minima and have drainage lines in the bottom of valleys. To achieve these characteristics, higher-order Delaunay tr...