STUDY OBJECTIVE To systematically study the separate and combined effects of organisational downsizing and work related stress on a measure of health in "survivors of layoffs". DESIGN Using Rothman's approach, separate and combined effects of the two exposures in estimating the risk of poor self rated health (work related symptoms) are analysed in a large sample of male and female employees. ...

Policies that mandate calorie labeling in fast-food and chain restaurants have had little or no observable impact on calorie consumption to date. In three field experiments, we tested an alternative approach: activating consumers' self-control by having servers ask customers if they wanted to downsize portions of three starchy side dishes at a Chinese fast-food restaurant. We consistently found...

Context. There is observed a trend that a lower mass galaxy forms stars at a later epoch. This downsizing of star-forming galaxies has been attributed to hydrodynamical or radiative feedback processes that regulate star formation. Aims. We explain the downsizing by gravitational processes alone, in the bottom-up scenario where galaxies evolve from subgalactic-scale objects. Methods. Using the t...

INTRODUCTION Readiness to speak is a major problem for many tracheostomized patients. Evaluation for tracheostomy tube capping or speaking valve is often subjective. OBJECTIVES We first wanted to assess whether there were differences among speaking valves. We developed a care pathway for tracheostomy tube evaluation and management including manometry, which we wanted to evaluate. METHODS Th...

We address the origin of the ‘downsizing’ of elliptical galaxies, according to which the stars in more massive galaxies formed earlier and over a shorter period than those in less massive galaxies. We show that this could be the natural result of a shutdown of star formation in dark matter haloes above a critical mass of ∼ 1012M⊙. This is demonstrated using a semi-analytic simulation of galaxy ...