Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by overexpression of the MDR protein (P-glycoprotein) has been associated with intracellular alkalinization, membrane depolarization, and other cellular alterations. However, virtually all MDR cell lines studied in detail have been created via protocols that involve growth on chemotherapeutic drugs, which can alter cells in many ways. Thus it is not clear whi...

PURPOSE Drug resistance in malignant gliomas contributes to poor clinical outcomes. We determined the in vitro drug response profiles for 478 biopsy specimens from patients with the following malignant glial histologies: astrocytoma (n = 71), anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 39), glioblastoma multiforme (n = 259), oligodendroglioma (n = 40), and glioma (n = 69). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Samples were te...

Thrombin and hypoxia are important players in breast cancer progression. Breast cancers often develop drug resistance, but mechanisms linking thrombin and hypoxia to drug resistance remain unresolved. Our studies using Doxorubicin (DOX) resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells reveals a mechanism linking DOX exposure with hypoxic induction of DOX resistance. Global expression changes between parental...

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 are proinflammatory cytokines known to alter expression of drug transporters in rodent liver. However, their effects toward human hepatic transporters remain poorly characterized. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the effects of these cytokines on drug transporter expression in primary human hepatocytes. Exposure to 100 ng/ml ...

The HIV-1 Vif protein is essential for overcoming the antiviral activity of DNA-editing apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3) cytidine deaminases. We show that naturally occurring HIV-1 Vif point mutants with suboptimal anti-APOBEC3G activity induce the appearance of proviruses with lamivudine (3TC) drug resistance-associated mutations before any drug exposure....

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) caused by S. aureus can result in serious challenges after orthopedic surgery. Due to biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, this refractory infection is highly prevalent, finding drugs attenuate bacterial virulence becoming a rational alternative strategy. In aureus, the SaeRS two-component system (TCS) plays key role production of over 20 factors pat...

BACKGROUND Natural drug resistance is a major cause of antiviral treatment failure. The characteristics of HIV-1 natural drug resistance-associated mutations in former paid blood donors in Henan Province remain unclear. METHODS One hundred and fifty HIV-1-positive plasma samples were collected. Plasma viral RNA was extracted for pol gene amplification and sequencing. The sequencing results we...

Background and Objective: Extracellular RNA (exRNA) is an evolving concept. In one hand, more endogenous types are detected in various biofluids or found local extracellular space. These exRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular (circRNAs), piwi-interacting (piRNAs), transfer (tRNAs) protein-coding messenger (mRNAs). ExRNA profilings associated with many physio...