Microencapsulation is an advanced technique used to improve the viability of probiotics and minimize sensitivity during processing, storage, in gastrointestinal environment. Two dietary treatments including a control encapsulated probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20 (EP), were evaluate efficacy improving intestinal microbiome white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, after 60-feeding trial. The 16S rDNA next...

This study investigated the capacity of the E20 rat fetus to adaptively alter patterns of interlimb coordination in a prenatal model of motor learning. Fetal limb movement was manipulated with an interlimb yoke, consisting of a fine thread attached at the ankles, which created a physical linkage between two limbs. Exposure to the yoke resulted in a gradual increase in conjugate movements of the...

Use of a promise to pay by a bank to insure an outstanding loan in order to return the value of the insured amount into capital for use in writing a new loan is an invention in banking with calculably greater potential economic impact than the original invention of reserve banking. The consequence of this lending invention is to render the existing money multiplier equations of reserve banking ...

We have previously shown that apoptotic natural cell death occurs within the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta of the rat postnatally. However, the occurrence of natural cell death in phenotypically defined dopaminergic neurons has not previously been identified, nor has its time course been defined in pre- or postnatal development. We therefore examined the SN at intervals from E19 to P28 us...

SBTC is a powerful mechanism in explaining the increasing gap between educated and uneducated wages. However, SBTC cannot mimic the US within-group wage inequality. This paper provides an explanation for the observed intra-college group inequality by showing that the top decile earners’ significant wage growth is underpinned by the link between ex ante ability, math-heavy college majors and hig...

Life Expectancy, Schooling, and Lifetime Labor Supply: Theory and Evidence Revisited This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of life expectancy for optimal schooling and lifetime labor supply. The results of a simple prototype Ben-Porath model with age-specific survival rates show that an increase in lifetime labor supply is not a necessary, nor a sufficient, condit...

Article history: Received 2 February 2009 Received in revised form 1 November 2009 Accepted 13 December 2009 Available online 22 December 2009 We investigate the relationship between interest group activity and investment by analyzing an unbalanced panel of observations on 126 countries over three time periods. We find that the number of interest groups in a nation is negatively related to inve...

We propose a network model of firm volatility in which the customers’ growth rate shocks influence the growth rates of their suppliers, larger suppliers have more customers, and the strength of a customer-supplier link depends on the size of the customer firm. Even though all shocks are i.i.d., the network model produces firm-level volatility and size distribution dynamics that are consistent w...

This paper explores some implications for valuation and investment of challenging the standard assumption that there are no aggregate pure profits in the US economy. First, it highlights the theoretical importance of monopoly rents for fluctuations in average Q. A series for such rents is then computed by assuming that production is Cobb-Douglas, as fluctuations in the output share of pure prof...

Resting heart rate (HR) and HR responses of fetal and neonatal rats are described before and after intraoral infusion of isotonic saline or lemon solution. Stable measurements of resting HR were obtained for fetuses over the last three days of gestation (E19, E20, E21) and pups on the day of birth (P0) and four subsequent postnatal ages (P1, P3, P5, P7). Resting HR decreased significantly on P0...