Multiple target tracking (MTT) denotes the process of estimating the set of target trajectories based on a sequence of noise-corrupted measurements including missed detections and false alarms. Nowadays, MTT has found applications in numerous areas, such as air traffic control, autonomous vehicles and robotics, computer vision and biomedical research. In recent years, a significant research tre...

In this study, we examined the cytotoxic activity of effector and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. At the peak of the CTL response following an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, effector CD8 T cells exhibited extremely rapid killing and started to eliminate adoptively transferred target cells within 15 min by a perforin-dependent mechanism. Although resting memory CD8 T cells are p...

Oomycetes form a phylogenetically distinct group of eukaryotic microorganisms that include some the most notorious pathogens plants and animals. Through deployment remarkably diverse array effector proteins, oomycete succeed to overcome host defences cause infection. Effectors can operate extracellularly or enter living cells where they target subcellular compartments. Genome sequence informati...

TAL effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas bind host DNA and activate genes that contribute to disease or turn on defense. Target specificity depends on an effector-variable number of typically 34 amino acid repeats, but the mechanism of recognition is not understood. We show that a repeat-variable pair of residues specifies the nucleotides in the target site, one pair ...

Significant cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced DNA fragmentation does not occur in four human target cells lysed by human natural killer lymphocytes, killer lymphocytes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results contrast with the extensive DNA fragmentation that occurs in murine target cells lysed by the analogous effector lymphocytes. Thus, DNA fragmentation, or the lack thereof, represents a specie...

Plant resistance proteins recognize cognate pathogen avirulence (also named effectors) to implement the innate immune responses called effector-triggered immunity. Previously, we reported that hopA1 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. strain 61 was identified as an avr gene for Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a forward genetic screen approach, cloned hopA1-specific TIR-NBS-LRR class disease gene, RESISTA...

Highlights A robotic mushroom picking mechanism was developed, including positioning, picking, and stipe trimming. The end-effector designed based on a bending motion around the stipe-substrate joint. overall success rate of developed reached 91.4%. Acting time air pressure for suction cup were studied in bruise level tests. Abstract . Button (Agaricus bisporus) harvesting mainly relies costly ...

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the most common single infective cause of death following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-identical siblings, whereas Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disease is infrequent. We show here that MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic effector cells in the peripheral blood of BMT recipients are highly effective at killing EB...

Abstract The development of immunotherapies relies on the use in vitro potency assays—which are key for understanding complex interactions between immune (effector) cells and cancer (target) cells—to evaluate function, specificity, sensitivity a product. A variety assays used to characterize proliferation, cytokine release, cell-mediated cytotoxicity engineered cells, such as chimeric antigen r...

Administration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine after autologous bone marrow transplantation induces a systemic autoimmune syndrome resembling graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This syndrome termed autologous GVHD has significant antitumor activity. Associated with autologous GVHD is the development of T lymphocytes that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II determ...