Temperature fluctuation is a key determinant for microbial invasion and host evasion. In contrast to mammals that maintain constant body temperature, plant temperature oscillates on a daily basis. It remains elusive how plants operate inducible defenses in response to temperature fluctuation. Here we report that ambient temperature changes lead to pronounced shifts of the following two distinct...

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) modules are often involved in stress responses and plant developmental processes. Among these MAPKs, MPK4 has a complex role in biotic stress signaling, cell division control and cytoskeletal organization. mpk4 knockout (KO) plants are dwarfed and very sick, making it difficult to distinguish between cause and effect of its phenotype. To overcome this dif...

UNLABELLED The plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type III effector proteins to succeed in infection. To clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. One of the effector proteins, RipAY, was found to share homology with the ChaC famil...

Plants can activate defence to pathogen attack by two layers of innate immunity: basal immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) linked with programmed cell death. Flg22 and Harpin are evolutionary distinct bacterial PAMPs. We have previously shown that Harpin triggers hypersensitive cell death mimicking ETI...

Abstract Studying plant early immunity, such as the unique immune mechanisms against pathogens, is an important field of research. Tomato wilt resulting from infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ( Fol ) soil-borne vascular disease. In this study, we challenged tomato plants with for a time-course RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The result indicated that phenylpropanoid and flav...

In its simplicity and testability, Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis has been a powerful driver in plant immunity research for decades. Once the molecular underpinnings of gene-for-gene resistance had come into sharper focus, there was a reassessment of Flor's hypothesis and a name change to effector-triggered immunity. As implied by the name change and exemplified by pioneering studies, plant im...

Plant innate immunity relies on a set of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to ligands known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). To overcome such immunity, phytopathogenic bacteria deliver virulence molecules called effector proteins into the plant cell that collectively promote pathogenesis. The vast majority of PRRs controlling PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and t...