In the mid and late 1960s, Paul Ekman offered a variety of bold assertions, some seemingly more radical today than others (Ekman, 1984, 1992, 1993). Emotions are expressed in a limited number of particular facial expressions. These expressions are universal and evolved. Facial expressions of emotion are remarkably brief, typically lasting 1 to 5 s. And germane to the interests of the present ar...

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of equatorial wind stress on Ekman transport during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mature phase. The results show that zonal directly drives meridional motion seawater at upper levels. In normal years, south equator is easterly and north westerly, which contributes to southward levels form climatological shallow overturning circulation. During years positi...

The first theory of wind-driven flow is that of Ekman, who assumed a uniform eddy viscosity and derived the velocity spiral that bears his name. Over the years, observations of wind stress and current have improved to the point that frictional momentum transfer in the upper ocean can be quantified. Observations of velocity spirals are reviewed to address such issues as the vertical structure an...

The Ekman-Taylor problem for the planetary boundary layer is solved in the case of a thermal wind which varies linearly with height. The upper boundary condition is a vanishing ageostrophic wind, while the lower boundary condition is continuity of the stress vector across the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the surface layer. The latter condition is used to determine the magn...

In the sea-ice-impacted Southern Ocean, spring sea-ice melt and its impact on physical processes set rate of surface water mass modification. These modified waters will eventually subduct near polar front enter global overturning circulation. Submesoscale modulate stratification mixed layer (ML) ML properties. Sparse observations in regions mean that role submesoscale motions exchange propertie...

Explicit simulation of aerosol physics in a cloud-resolving model A. M. L. Ekman, C. Wang, J. Wilson, and J. Ström Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Received: 29 December 2003 – Accepted: 26 Januar...

[1] Abstract: The density structure along the ocean margins carries an integrated imprint of ocean circulation. The difference in pressure between the eastern and western margins of the ocean reflects the net meridional geostrophic transport across the ocean basin. If one assumes that the wind driven circulation is closed in the upper ocean, the wind driven component of the net geostrophic tran...