During most of the post-World War II period, American men have been leaving the labor force at earlier and earlier ages. Evidence suggests that this trend has been under way for more than a century. However, in the mid-1980s, this trend came to an abrupt halt. Male labor force participation rates have been flat since 1985, and have actually increased over the past several years. Understanding t...

This paper analyses the effects of raising statutory full retirement age on labour force participation middle-aged individuals and their partners. Identification relies a difference-in-differences setting that exploits large heterogeneous increase in eligibility for caused by an unexpected Italian pension reform. We detect sizeable rate women spills over into husbands' supply, who choose to pos...

We investigate the effect of immigration on the labor supply of skilled native women. We present a simple time-use model that predicts that a reduction in the price of household services (such as child rearing, cooking or cleaning) should lead to an increase in the labor supply of skilled women with family responsibilities (such as caring for young children, elderly dependents, or a retired hus...

Mothers of young children often reduce their labor supply to manage household responsibilities. Workplace flexibility is an important determinant of these labor supply decisions that have lasting implications for future labor force participation and earnings. This paper provides new evidence that self-employment is a work option that mothers use to gain flexibility along multiple dimensions whi...

This article estimates the effects of proposals to increase the retirement benefits of women who reduce their earnings to care for young children. Using the 1990 Survey of Income and Program Participation file--exactly matched to the Social Security Administration's record of lifetime earnings--the authors present the distribution of child-care dropout years by retirement cohort and other demog...

changes in the rate of women socio-political participation and presence are among the changes and developments occurred in socio-political sphere in iran in the recent decades. it is expected that as women capabilities and education rate and international interactions increase, their socio-political participation and presence especially in legislature branch increase dramatically as well. this ...

BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of retirement on alcohol consumption. The objectives were to examine changes in alcohol consumption following retirement, and whether these patterns differ by gender and socioeconomic status. METHODS AND FINDINGS We assessed alcohol consumption annually from 5 years before to 5 years after retirement among 10,023 men and 2,361 women of the French Ga...

abstract:one of the target groups is women in poverty eradication programs, especially divorced women and widows in order to the social, economic and cultural community that are more involved with the issue of poverty. such a study aims to measure the effective factors on poverty alleviation and empowerment of divorced women and widows in selseleh city (as one of disadvantaged city).to do so, d...

Abstract Human development and the importance of focusing on women’s participation has become one of the main concerns and issues attracting the attention of many people. In fact, many gender-related models and patterns have been proposed in this regard. Accordingly, this paper is an attempt to evaluate the effects of development process on women’s participation in Iran using an econometrics ...

Mortality, birth rates and retirement play a major role in demographic changes. In most cases, mortality rates decreased in the past century without noticeable decrease in fertility rates, this leads to a significant increase in population growth. In many poor countries like Palestinian territories the number of births has fallen and the life expectancy increased. In this article we concentrate...