Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for medically refractory movement disorders. However, fundamental questions remain about the effects of DBS on neurons surrounding the electrode. Experimental studies have produced apparently contradictory results showing suppression of activity in the stimulated nucleus, but increased inputs to projection nuclei. We hypothesized that cell bo...

In this Letter, a reconfigurable reflectarray (RA) based on liquid crystal (LC) electric controlling property at Ka band is presented. The innovation focuses measuring the phase steering ability of whole LC RA with structure 4-finger under plane wave incidence and application actual scene, which can steer scattering to blind spots, not just play role EM launcher, but also an relay. Results show...

In this paper, we consider two-way orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay channels, where the direct link between the two terminal nodes is too weak to be used for data transmission. The widely known per-subcarrier decode-and-forward (DF) relay strategy, treats each subcarrier as a separate channel, and performs independent channel coding over each subcarrier. We show that this...

This paper presents a new cooperative ARQ protocol for a hybrid mobile wireless sensor network. The mobile relay nodes decode the signal from the source sensor using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and forward it to the destination sink. A distributed relay selection that exploits overhearing of inter-relay node transmission is employed to achieve higher selection diversity gain during retransmis...

© 2010 ETRI Journal, Volume 32, Number 2, April 2010 The IEEE802.16j standard uses non-transparent relay stations to extend coverage. There are two types of nontransparent relay modes, that is, the time-division transmit and receive (TTR) relay mode which can operate with one of two types of frame structures, a single-frame and multiframe structure, and the simultaneous transmit and receive (ST...

We investigated the precision of spike timing in a model of gap junction-coupled oscillatory neurons. The model incorporated the known physiology, morphology, and connectivity of the weakly electric fish's high-frequency and extremely precise pacemaker nucleus (Pn). Two neuron classes, pacemaker and relay cells, were each modeled with two compartments containing Hodgkin-Huxley sodium and potass...

McIntyre, Cameron C., Warren M. Grill, David L. Sherman, and Nitish V. Thakor. Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition. J Neurophysiol 91: 1457–1469, 2004. First published December 10, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00989.2003. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for medically refractory movement disorders. However, fundamental questions ...

Although essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor integration and motor control of behaviors, very little is known about the degree to which different behaviors share neural elements of the sensorimotor command chain by which they are controlled. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first direct physiological evidence that various modulatory premotor inputs to a ver...

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for medically refractory movement disorders. However, fundamental questions remain about the effects of DBS on neurons surrounding the electrode. Experimental studies have produced apparently contradictory results showing suppression of activity in the stimulated nucleus, but increased inputs to projection nuclei. We hypothesized that cell bo...

Relay networks have recently attracted extensive attention due to its potential to increase coverage area and channel capacity. In a relay network, a source node communicates with a destination node with the help of the relay node. The performances of improving the channel capacity and coverage area have been explored and evaluated in the literature (Sendonaris et al., 2003)-(Laneman et al., 20...