Imidazole-based energetic ionic liquids capable of dual-mode chemical monopropellant or bipropellant and electric electrospray rocket propulsion are investigated. A literature review of ionic liquid physical properties is conducted to determine an initial set of ionic liquids that show favorable physical properties for both modes, followed by numerical and analytical performance simulations. Of...

An extreme electric field on the order of 10(10) V m(-1) was applied to the free surface of an ionic liquid to cause electric-field-induced evaporation of molecular ions from the liquid. The point of ion emission was observed in situ using a TEM. The resulting electrospray emission process was observed to create nanoscale high-aspect-ratio dendritic features that were aligned with the direction...

RATIONALE Charge state resolution is required to determine the masses of ions in electrospray mass spectrometry, a feat which becomes increasingly difficult as the mass increases. Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) circumvents this limitation by simultaneously measuring the charge and the m/z of individual ions. In this work, we have used electrospray CDMS to determine the number of scaf...

Currently two types of chip systems are used in conjunction with MS: out-of-plane devices, where hundreds of nozzles, nanospray emitters are integrated onto a single silicon substrate from which electrospray is established perpendicular to the substrate, and planar microchips, embedding a microchannel at the end of which electrospray is generated in-plane, on the edge of the microchip. In the l...

The off-line coupling of polymer microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (MS) through electrospray deposition of analyte onto matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) targets for MALDI-MS analysis is presented. Using polycarbonate (PC) microfluidic chips with integrated hydrophobic membrane electrospray tips, selected peptides and proteins were eluted onto a stainless steel MALDI tar...

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method has been evaluated for the assignment of clonidine hydrochloride in human plasma. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–water 60:40 (v/v), and 0.2% formic acid 20 µL of sample was chromatographically analyzed using a repacked ZORBAX-XDB-ODS C18 column (2.1 mm×30 m...