Endocrine therapy represents the basis for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, but several tumors harbor intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance to endocrine therapy is inevitable in metastatic disease. Combination strategies of endocrine therapy with targeted agents are aimed to overcome endocrine resistance. The selective CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib has shown prom...

Current endocrine therapies for females with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer have facilitated substantial improvements in outcomes. The effectiveness of endocrine therapy is limited by either initial de novo resistance or acquired endocrine resistance. Multiple mechanisms responsible for endocrine resistance have been proposed, including deregulation of various components of the estrog...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER)β and the curative effect of endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients. Cancer tissues were collected from 583 breast cancer patients between January 2000 and December 2010 and used for analysis. ERβ expression levels were determined using immunohistochemical staining. The Ka...

Background and aims: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant and papillary cancer and three times more prevalent in women than men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence rate and trend of thyroid cancer in Iranian population. Methods: National incidence was rated by Iran National Cancer Registry data derived from Iran’s annual national cancer registration reported f...

Bisphenol A (BPA) belongs to the class of chemicals known as endocrine disruptors and has been also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of endocrine related cancer such as breast and prostate cancers. Here, we have investigated the effect of BPA in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells and in human non-transformed epithelial prostate EPN cells. Our data showed that BPA induces the down reg...

Successful prostate cancer diagnosis and management continue to provide challenges for the clinician. While interventions aimed at the containment of both early and late disease continue to fail in a significant number of patients, the search for answers must incorporate an analysis of the processes of normal and aberrant growth and development within the gland itself. Inhibin and its structura...

Maintaining bone health is important for patients with breast cancer (BC), the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women. Indeed, bone loss is common throughout the BC disease continuum. In the metastatic BC setting, patients are likely to develop bone metastases, a painful complication that can lead to potentially debilitating skeletal-related events. Bone health is equally important fo...

The receptor tyrosine kinase RET is expressed in cell lineages derived from the neural crest and has a key role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival during embryogenesis. Germline and somatic mutations in RET that produce constitutively activated receptors cause the cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and several endocrine and neural-crest-de...