tolerance with the people with other beliefs is one of the ethical issues that are focused on in enlightenment europe. since lessing is known as a scout enlightenment in german literature so this article studies the concept of tolerance by him in the dramas minna von barnhelm and the jews. for this purpose, first the history of enlightenment europe from the beginning up to lessingʼs time that i...

Alan Turing (1912–1954) made seminal contributions to mathematical logic, computation, computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography and theoretical biology. In this volume, outstanding scientific thinkers take a fresh look at the great range of Turing’s contributions, on how the subjects have developed since his time, and how they might develop still further. These specially commissi...

In this study, we analyze the process of collaborative problem solving from the viewpoint of thinking styles. Thinking styles are defined as a preferred way of thinking; here, we focused on three styles: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. In this study, we created groups whose members displayed different thinking styles, and asked the groups to solve a creative task collaboratively. If think...

A NEUROSCIENCE OF ENLIGHTENMENT? The field of contemplative science is rapidly growing and integrating into the basic neurosciences, psychology, clinical sciences, and society-at-large. Yet the majority of current research in the contemplative sciences has been divorced from the soteriological context from which these meditative practices originate and has focused instead on clinical applicatio...

Exchanges between the great range of disciplines and experts within IOE (Institute Education), UCL’s Faculty Education Society (University College London, UK), can be very productive. This article celebrates two professors who, in markedly different ways, have transformed interdisciplinary understanding their chosen specialties. Some ideas are summarised here to encourage readers who could bene...

In his recent book on the rise of modernity, Jonathan Israel argues that philosophers and philosophical ideas played a significant role in the transformation of opinions and attitudes across early modern Europe. In the seventeenth century, Cartesian philosophy in particular was at the forefront of the formation of modern concepts and institutions. Many aspects of Cartesianism are now seen as ty...