In this paper, the ambiguity of nite state irreducible Markov chain trajectories is reminded and is obtained for two state Markov chain. I give an applicable example of this concept in President election

This paper presents an algorithm that jointly optimizes a lattice vector quantizer (LVQ) and an entropy coder in a subband coding at all ranges of bit rate. Estimation formulas for both entropy and distortion of lattice quantized subband images are derived. From these estimates, we then develop dynamic algorithm optimizing the LVQ and entropy coder together for a given entropy rate. Compared to...

The fixed-rate entropy-constrained vector quantizer draws its motivation from the large gap in the performance of the optimal entropy-constrained scalar quantizer (ESCQ) and the fixed-rate LMQ for most non-uniform sources and tries to bridge this gap while maintaining a fixed-rate output. Having a fixed-rate output avoids all problems associated with a variable rate output such as error propaga...

Nanofluid has great potentials in heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation decrease as an effective cooling medium. Effects of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow on entropy generation and heat transfer performance in a rectangular conventional channel are numerically investigated in this study. Four different volume fractions are considered and the boundary condition with a constant heat flux i...

We generalize Gaspard's method for computing the ε-entropy production rate to dissipative systems with attractors. This approach leads to a natural definition of a coarse grained Gibbs entropy which is extensive, and which can be expressed in terms of the SRB measures and volumes of the coarse graining sets which cover the attractor. One can also study the entropy and entropy production as func...

The charge-transfer complexation reaction between iodine and dibenzo- 18-crown- 6 (DB18C6) has been studied spectrophotometrically in chloroform solution at different temperatures. The resulting donor-acceptor complex was formulated as (DB 18C6…I )I . The spectrophotometric results , as well as the conductivity measurements, indicated that the gradual release of tiiodide ion from its contac...

We formally derive a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of context relevance in language production. The model is based on the principle that distant contextual cues tend to gradually lose their relevance for predicting upcoming linguistic signals. We evaluate our model against a hypothesis of efficient communication (Genzel and Charniak’s Constant Entropy Rate hypothesis). We show th...

The robust entropy rate is defined as the maximum of the Shannon entropy rate, when the joint probability density function of the source is unknown. The uncertainty of the source probability density is described via a relative entropy constraint set between the uncertain source probability density and the nominal source probability density. For this class of problems, the explicit solution for ...

The entropy production rate of cancer cell is always higher than healthy cell under the case of no external field applied. Different entropy production between two kinds of cells determines the direction of entropy flow among cells. The entropy flow is the carrier of information flow. The entropy flow from cancer to healthy cell takes along the harmful information of cancerous cell, propagating...