The litigation cost rule relates to which of the two parties in a civil lawsuit has to pay the legal costs. In those countries where the American system applies, each has to pay their own legal costs. In most other countries, the British system applies and the loser pays all the legal costs. By means of a single person decision-theoretic model, I examine the effects of this on auditing and fina...

Earnings, sometimes called the “bottom line” or “net income,” are the single most important item in financial statements. They indicate the extent to which a company has engaged in value-added activities. They are a signal that helps direct resource allocation in capital markets. In fact, the theoretical value of a company’s stock is the present value of its future earnings. Increased earnings ...

environmental impact assessment is an important approach to achieve sustainable development. this study has investigated the environmental impact of sugar beet production. in addition data envelopment analysis was applied for detecting efficient units and decrease environmental impacts. in this study final environmental index of impact category consist of global warming, acidification, eutrophi...

a study was carried out in a strip of a river and in a nearby well in the rainy and dry seasons to assess the impact of tobacco waste disposal on the roadsides. there were significant seasonal variations in the concentration of nicotine being higher (p

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in this research by taking advantage of degradtion model ina grid system an area of 9222 km in eastern part of tehran province including eslam shahr , rey , varamin , damavand , and firooz kooh were studied . the results show that 43.8 % of the area , due to its natural condition , is not suitable for development. the rest of the area ( 42.5) due to the degradation caused by man's activiti...