introdouction: canal length measurement is essential for proper endodontic treatment. any error or miscalculation in working length determination, particularly in curved canals, can result in complications during or after root canal therapy. digital radiography has enabled accurate measurement of curved canal length. in this study, we evaluated the accuracy of calibration of a complementary met...

The hazard of asking survey participants hypothetical questions is that most often, responses are only an inferential vehicle for understanding preference and may not reflect the truth. Often it necessary to make a reasoned assumption about alignment individual's attitudes behaviors. In this paper, we discuss results from Survey Doctorate Recipients (SDR) pilot study experiment found significan...

self-reported measures of dietary intake are prone to measurement error that may obscure the relationship of diet and disease. this review addresses strategies to decrease errors during collection of dietary data and statistical approaches to deal with measurement issues once the data are collected.  examples from two us studies-- the women’s health initiative (whi) dietary modification trial a...