The anaerobic bacterium Clostdium kluyveti can catalyze the conversion of ethanol and acetate to butyrate and caproate (6). Tracer studies with growing cultures of this organism (2) have shown that this conversion involves an oxidation of ethanol to a a-carbon compound (“active” acetate) that is in approximate equilibrium with acetate. This activated a-carbon substance then condenses with ordin...

Cytochrome P-450 isozyme 3a, isolated from hepatic microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethanol, was found to have a unique substrate specificity when compared with isozymes 2, 3b, 3c, and 4. Form 3a has unusually high activity in the p-hydroxylation of aniline and in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. These properties are reflected in the increased activities of these substrates...

The most active binary PtSn catalyst for direct ethanol fuel cell applications has been studied at 20 °C and 60 °C, using variable temperature electrochemical in situ FTIR. In comparison with Pt, binary PtSn inhibits ethanol dissociation to CO(a), but promotes partial oxidation to acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Increasing the temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C facilitates both ethanol dissociation ...

In the mammalian organism the liver is one of the main organs involved in the metabolism of galactose and in the conversion of galactose to glucose. The efficient and rapid removal of galactose from the circulation by the liver constitutes the basis of a sensitive test of liver function, the galactose tolerance test. Stenstam (1) in 1946 and, more recently, Tygstrup and Winkler (2) demonstrated...

In isolated mitochondria the consequences of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling are well defined, whereas in intact cells various effects have been described. Uncoupling liver cells with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in the presence of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and ethanol results in a marked decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane electrical potential (DeltaPsi), ATP/ADP ratios and gluconeogenesis (a...

Upon addition of gold to silicalite-1 pellets (a MFI-type zeolite), the vapor phase oxidation of ethanol could be addressed to acetaldehyde or acetic acid formation. By optimizing the catalyst composition and reaction conditions, the conversion of ethanol could be tuned to acetaldehyde with 97% selectivity at 71% conversion or to acetic acid with 78% selectivity at total conversion. Considering...

A qualified estimate for pretreatment of the macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum for ethanol production was given, based on the experience of pretreatment of land-based biomass. C. linum was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment (HTT), wet oxidation (WO), steam explosion (STEX), plasma-assisted pretreatment (PAP) and ball milling (BM), to determine effects of the pretreatment methods on the conversi...