With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, among other crises (e.g., Russia–Ukraine conflicts and recession projections) threatening organizations’ financial conditions across globe, supervisors may not only encounter challenges such as job cuts that test their ethical leadership, but also experience insecurity themselves. However, our knowledge of why when supervisors’ leadership behaviors be affected...

Received: 15 July 2008 Revised: 8 January 2010 Accepted: 12 February 2010 Online publication date: 24 June 2010 Abstract The international business (IB) literature has widely recognized political forces as major factors that complicate the strategic decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Analyses by financial intermediaries can help to reduce the risk of information asymmetry caused by ...

Corruption is almost exist in all human societies throughout thehistory. Any continuation of corruption in different ages made most ofresearchers and policy makers to consider corruption as an inevitablepart of human being challenges (Mukum, 2008).Administrative corruption is common in most developed and/orunder –developed countries.In other words, there is no country in the world that has note...